TABLE 3.
Effect of helminth infection on cytokine production in PWM-stimulated whole-blood cultures
| Type of infection | No. of individuals (% with cytokine production inPWM-stimulated whole-blood cultures)a |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IFN-γ | IL-5 | IL-10 | IL-13 | |
| Overall | 774 (84.2) | 955 (68.3) | 1,045 (83.9) | 990 (74.4) |
| Current Ascaris infection | ||||
| Negative | 643 (84.9) | 806 (70.1) | 876 (85.3) | 829 (76.1) |
| Positive | 131 (80.9) | 149 (58.4)* | 169 (76.9)* | 161 (65.8)* |
| Chronic Ascaris infection | ||||
| Never | 539 (85.0) | 675 (71.4) | 728 (86.7) | 687 (77.1) |
| Past | 104 (84.6) | 131 (63.4) | 148 (78.4) | 142 (71.1) |
| Present | 74 (78.4) | 87 (60.9) | 96 (80.2) | 91 (67.0) |
| Both | 57 (84.2) | 62 (54.8)+ | 73 (72.6)+ | 70 (64.3)+ |
| Current Trichuris infection | ||||
| Negative | 665 (85.9) | 824 (70.4) | 899 (86.1) | 853 (77.1) |
| Positive | 109 (74.3)* | 131 (55.0)* | 146 (70.5)* | 137 (57.7)* |
| Chronic Trichuris infection | ||||
| Never | 539 (86.1) | 734 (71.0) | 809 (86.4) | 763 (77.5) |
| Past | 104 (84.1) | 90 (65.6) | 90 (83.3) | 90 (74.4) |
| Present | 74 (79.2) | 73 (58.9) | 79 (73.4) | 72 (62.5) |
| Both | 57 (69.6)+ | 58 (50.0)+ | 67 (67.2)+ | 65 (52.3)+ |
| Coinfection with Ascaris and Trichuris | ||||
| Negative for both | 593 (86.0) | 741 (71.4) | 804 (86.8) | 762 (78.1) |
| Positive for only one | 122 (79.5) | 148 (58.8) | 167 (74.9) | 158 (62.7) |
| Positive for both | 59 (76.3)+ | 66 (54.5)+ | 74 (73.0)+ | 70 (61.4)+ |
a
Differences between groups were assessed using the chi-square test or trend test, as appropriate. Numbers in bold show statistically significant results. *, P ≤ 0.05 (χ2); +, P ≤ 0.05 (χ2 trend test).