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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009 Oct;22(5):471–476. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283304eb6

Table 1. Mammalian Toll-like receptors and their specific recognized ligands and adapters.

Receptor Ligand Adapter
TLR 1 Bacterial triacyl lipopeptides MyD88 / TIRAP
TLR 2 Bacterial glycolipids
Bacterial lipopeptides
Bacteriallipoproteins
Bacterial lipoteichoic acid
Fungal zymosan		 MyD88 / TIRAP
TLR 3 Viral doble-stranded RNA
Viral polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid		 TRIF
TLR 4 Bacterial lipopolysaccharide
Heat shock proteins
Fibrinogen
Heparan sulfate
Hyaluronic acid		 MyD88 / TIRAP / TRIF / TRAM
TLR 5 Bacterial flagellin MyD88
TLR 6 Mycoplasma diacyl lipopeptides MyD88 / TIRAP
TLR 7 Imidazoquinoline
Loxoribine
Bropirimine
Viral single-stranded RNA		 MyD88
TLR 8 Viral single-stranded RNA MyD88
TLR 9 Bacterial CpG DNA MyD88
TLR 10 Unknown MyD88
TLR 11 Toxoplasma gondii profilin MyD88
TLR 12 Unknown Unknown
TLR 13 Unknown Unknown

TLR (Toll like receptor), MyD88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88), TIRAP (TIR domain-containing adapter), TRIF (TIR domain-containing adapter inducing interferon), TRAM (TRIF-related adaptor molecule), RNA (ribonucleic acid), DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), CpG (cytosine nucleotide next to guanine nucleotide).