Table 2. Test of balance across treatment and control villages using pre-intervention (2005) data in study of community demand-directed water, sanitation and hygiene programme in Maharasthra, India.

Covariate of interest, mean/average value	Treatment	Control	z-valuea
Based on secondary census data used in matching model
Percentage of children < 6 years old in village	17	16	0.74
Percentage of scheduled castes in village	10	8	1.78
Percentage of scheduled tribes in village	29	31	−0.36
Percentage of female workers in village	45	45	−0.05
Percentage of cultivators in village	49	52	−1.18
Percentage of agricultural labourers in village	39	34	1.55
No. of households in village	385	387	−0.03
Household size in village (no. of dwellers)	5	5	0.03
Percentage of literate females in village	52	54	−1.05
Percentage of households with private tap in block	42	42	0.07
Percentage of households without toilets in block	83	84	−0.49
Based on baseline (2005) household survey data
Percentage of children aged < 5 years with diarrhoea	11	10	1.62
Percentage of households using private tap	18	24	−1.55
Percentage of households using private toilet	13	10	0.96
No. of critical times a caregiver washed hands	2.3	2.4	−0.51
No. of critical times a child washed hands	1.1	1.2	−0.44
No. of households treating drinking water	64	63	0.11
No. of households stating public well water quality was poor	19	24	−1.77
No. of households stating public tap water quality was poor	24	22	0.44

^a For mean differences after adjusting standard errors to account for clustering at the village level.

Data from Pattanayak et al., 2009.³²