Table 4.

The Estimated Effect of ESL Placement (Treatment) on Immigrant Grades and Math and Science Enrollment by Concentration of Immigrants in the School and Generational Status

	Low-Immigrant-Concentration ESL Schools				High-Immigrant-Concentration ESL Schools
	ESL Placement	Non-ESL Placement	SE	ATT	ESL Placement	Non-ESL Placement	SE	ATT
First and second combined	n = 88	n = 426			n = 305	n = 864
Algebra II / Chemistry	2.284	3.006	0.266	−0.722**	3.239	2.712	0.082	0.528***
College preparation	1.841	2.600	0.263	−0.760**	2.538	2.169	0.109	0.369***
Junior-year GPA	2.415	2.309	0.187	0.106	2.550	2.227	0.061	0.324***
Cumulative failures	0.111	0.101	0.036	0.011	0.072	0.121	0.009	−0.049***
First generation	n = 71	n = 131			n = 190	n = 300
Algebra II / Chemistry	2.268	3.172	0.320	−0.904**	3.021	2.836	0.117	0.185
College preparation	1.817	2.675	0.462	−0.858**	2.184	2.312	0.126	−0.128
Junior-year GPA	2.408	2.311	0.244	0.097	2.434	2.535	0.080	0.081
Cumulative failures	0.105	0.091	0.041	0.014	0.079	0.096	0.013	−0.017
Second generation	n = 17	n = 295			n = 115	n = 564
Algebra II / Chemistry	2.353	2.520	0.355	−0.167	3.600	2.845	0.088	0.755***
College preparation	1.941	2.445	0.426	−0.504	3.122	2.344	0.120	0.778***
Junior-year GPA	2.444	2.333	0.281	0.111	2.737	2.243	0.083	0.494***
Cumulative failures	0.138	0.142	0.051	−0.005	0.059	0.125	0.012	−0.066***

Note: GPA = grade point average; ESL = English as a second language; ATT = average treatment effect on the treated.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.