FIGURE 1.

Effect of paraquat on ROS generation and p38 MAPK activation. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were serum-starved for 18 h with or without 500 μm α-lipoic acid (LA); cells were then treated with 0 or 10 mm PQ (A and C) or various concentrations of PQ (B) for 3 h. A, mitochondrial ROS generation was detected with MitoTracker or RedoxSensor Red. Representative results of three independent experiments are shown. B and C, cells were solubilized, and immunoblotting (IB) using indicated antibodies was performed. The inserted graph indicates densitometric analysis of the immunoblotting. Experiments were performed in triplicate, and the values were expressed as means ± S.E. There are significant differences between values with different superscript characters (p < 0.05).