Table 2. Comparison of Smoking Related Measures across Settings (N = 335).

Clinic Setting Mean (SD)	Veterans Affairs Medical Center (a) (n = 56)	Hospital- based settings (b) (n = 101)	Community- based Settings (c) (n = 178)	p value a,b	p value b,c	p value a,c
Scales †
Knowledge	4.5 (0.59)	4.1 (0.81)	4.1 (0.55)	0.0152*	0.4662	0.0041**
Beliefs	4.3 (0.60)	3.6 (0.59)	3.4 (0.60)	0.0001***	0.0430	0.0001***
Barriers	2.7 (0.74)	3.0 (0.52)	3.1 (0.58)	0.0248	0.3375	0.0049**
Self-efficacy	3.6 (0.57)	3.0 (0.53)	3.0 (0.54)	0.0002***	0.4474	0.0002***
Practices	3.5 (0.96)	2.5 (0.97)	2.2 (0.91)	0.0002***	0.0497	0.0001***

^†Scale values range from 1-5, and a higher score reflects a higher level of knowledge about smoking, more positive beliefs about treating smoking in the clinic setting, greater sense of self-efficacy, or the use of more practices to address smoking among clients. The exception is the barriers scale, where a higher score reflects higher barriers to addressing smoking in the clinic setting.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.