Table 1.
Summary of the included studies
| Dionne | Dionne | Dionne | Faber | Hagen | Heymans | Heymans | Hunt | Loisel | Lötters | Öhlund | Okurowski | Pransky | Prkachin | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA |
| Year | 2005 | 2007 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2002 | 2002 | 2006 | 1996 | 2003 | 2006 | 2007 |
| Country of origin | Can | Can | Can | Ned | Nor | Ned | Ned | Can | Can | Ned | Swe | USA | USA | USA |
| Number of participants | 1,007 | 369 | 491 | 103 | 257 | 299 | 628 | 192 | 104 | 129 | 101 | 986 | 494 | 192 |
| Gender (% males) | 59 | 0 | 100 | 76 | 52 | 79 | 79 | 73 | 54 | 70 | 70 | 74 | 78 | 72 |
| Mean age | 39 | 39 | 39 | NR | 41 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 43 | 41 | 36 | 37 | 40 |
| Total number of risk factors | 111 | 111 | 111 | 19 | 30 | 27 | 22 | 17 | 5 | 39 | 5 | 22 | 22 | 11 |
| Not significant | 104 | 104 | 96 | 16 | 21 | 21 | 17 | 15 | 2 | 36 | 1 | 18 | 13 | 7 |
| Significant | 7 | 7 | 15 | 3 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 4 |
| Biomedical modifiable | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Biomedical non-modifiable | 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| Psychosocial modifiable | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Psychosocial non-modifiable | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Shaw | Schultz | Schultz | Soucy | Truchon | Turner | Turner | Van der Weide | Van der Weide | Weber | Bloch | Bloch | Bloch | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | SA | CH | CH | CH |
| Year | 2007 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2005 | 2006 | 2008 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 |
| Country of origin | USA | USA | USA | Can | Can | USA | USA | Ned | Ned | Ger | Den | Ger | Isr |
| Number of participants | 140 | 192 | 111 | 437 | 439 | 1,068 | 1,885 | 120 | 59 | 662 | 494 | 295 | 289 |
| Gender (% males) | 100 | 72 | 62 | 57 | 56 | 69 | 68 | 33 | 39 | 67 | 46 | 64 | 74 |
| Mean age | 30 | 40 | 41 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 48 | 41 | 49 | 39 |
| Total number of risk factors | 21 | 49 | 49 | 16 | 12 | 13 | 62 | 19 | 19 | 10 | 43 | 43 | 38 |
| Not significant | 19 | 46 | 47 | 13 | 8 | 11 | 53 | 15 | 16 | 6 | 33 | 35 | 30 |
| Significant | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 8 | 8 |
| Biomedical modifiable | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Biomedical non-modifiable | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Psychosocial modifiable | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
| Psychosocial non-modifiable | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| Bloch | Bloch | Bloch | Bradisch | Halldorsen | Halldorsen | Hannson | Indahl | Indahl | Lancourt | Storheim | Van der Giezen | Weber | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | CH | CH | CH | CH | CH | CH | CH | CH | CH | CH | CH | CH | CH |
| Year | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 | 1998 | 1998 | 1998 | 2000 | 1995 | 1998 | 1992 | 2005 | 2000 | 1998 |
| Country of origin | Ned | Swe | USA | Can | Nor | Nor | a | Nor | Nor | USA | Nor | Ned | Ger |
| Number of participants | 392 | 455 | 413 | 120 | 260 | 76 | a | 975 | 245 | 79 | 93 | 298 | 257 |
| Gender (% males) | 61 | 39 | 44 | 76 | 64 | 51 | a | 61 | 64 | NR | c | NR | 70 |
| Mean age | 40 | 44 | 42 | b | 41 | 42 | a | NR | 41 | NR | ~40 | 39 | d |
| Total number of risk factors | 42 | 41 | 39 | 1 | 23 | 28 | 19 | 3 | 28 | 34 | 42 | 36 | 24 |
| Not significant | 30 | 33 | 31 | 1 | 16 | 24 | 2 | 1 | 25 | 25 | 39 | 31 | 21 |
| Significant | 12 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 7 | 4 | 17 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 5 | 3 |
| Biomedical modifiable | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Biomedical non-modifiable | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Psychosocial modifiable | 5 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Psychosocial non-modifiable | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
SA subacute, CH chronic, Can Canada, Den Denmark, Ger Germany, Isr Israel, Ned Nederlands, Nor Norway, Swe Sweden, NR not reported
aHansson [36]: Denmark: N = 494, 46% male, mean age 41; Germany: N = 295, 64% male, age = 49; Israel: N = 289, 74% male, age = 39; Netherlands: N = 392, 61% male, age = 40; Sweden: N = 455, 39% male, age = 44; USA: N = 413, 56% male, age = 42
bBradish [33]: Group non-specific 35.3, Group degenerative 45.5
cStorheim [40]: 32% in NRTW, 52% in RTW
dWeber [42]: 47 Group RTW, 52 Group nRTW