Table 2.

Publications analysed [5, 6, 8, 9, 13–31]

Author/year of publication	Type of study	Anatomic area	Age (years)		Number of pedicle screws
			Nav.	Non-nav.	Nav.	Non-nav.
Rajasekaran (2007)	RCT	Thoracic	19.6 ± 9.3	15.4 ± 4.3	242	236
Laine (2000)	RCT	Thoraco-lumbar, lumbo-sacral	54 ± 16	53 ± 14	277	219
Kotani (2007)	Case control	Thoraco-lumbar	13	16	57	81
Lee (2007)	Case control	Cervico-thoracic junction	60.2	60.2	86	108
Merloz (2007)	Case control	Thoraco-lumbar	30.8	38.6	140	138
Ito (2007)	Case control	Cervical	58.2	57.2	25	27
Seller (2005)	Case control	Thoraco-lumbar	–	–	36	24
Richter (2005)	Case control	Cervical	58.4	54.5	167	93
Schnake (2004)	Case control	Thoracic	46.1	52.5	211	113
Kotani (2003)	Case control	Cervical	42		78	669
Arand (2001)	Case control	Thoraco-lumbar	–	–	72	86
Amiot (2000)	Case control	Thoraco-lumbar	50.7 ± 13.7	47.3 ± 12.7	244	544
Merloz (1998)	Case control	Thoraco-lumbar	–		64	64
Laine (1997)	Case control	Lumbo-sacral	50	50	139	35
Seichi (2005)	Case series	Cervical	55		47	n/a
Rampersaud (2005)	Case series	Thoraco-lumbar-Sacral	–		360	n/a
Bostelmann (2004)	Case series	Thoraco-lumbar	61.2		348	n/a
Richter (2004)	Case series	Cervico-thoracic	30–84		41	n/a
Youkilis (2001)	Case series	Thoracic	–		224	n/a
Kamimura (2000)	Case series	Cervical	–		36	n/a
Girardi (1999)	Case series	Lumbar	53		330	n/a
Kamimura (1999)	Case series	Thoraco-lumbar	–		169	n/a
Schwarzenbach (1997)	Case series	Lumbar	–		162	n/a