Fig. 3.

Net causal outflow of major nodes of the salience, central executive, and default mode networks. a Dynamical systems analysis revealed that the right anterior insula (rAI) has a significantly higher net causal outflow than any of the nodes of the central executive or default mode networks. b Granger causal analysis of connectivity showed significant causal outflow from the rAI to major nodes of the two other networks. These analyses, together with latency analyses, suggest that the rAI may function as a causal outflow hub for salient events (adapted from Sridharan et al. 2008)