Fig. 3.

Pterostilbene lowers the production of the inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B) and IL-4 (C), in the colonic mucosa. The mucosa samples were homogenized and assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the different cytokines, as described under Materials and Methods section. Colon mucosa samples were randomly selected from each group and cytokine levels were analyzed (n = 12 in control group, n = 6 in pterostilbene group). The mean ± SD values are shown. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.005.