Table 2.

General characteristics of the human and porcine spine

	Human	Porcine
Total spine length	569.4 (17.67)	569.5 (16.19)
Cervical lordosis	20.1 (10.0)	43.8 (9.5)
Thoracic kyphosis	34.5 (12.8)	15.6 (5.3)
Lumbar lordosis	29.2 (7.6)	7.9 (5.7)

Data are average values of six spines. Total spine length was defined as the sum of all central vertebral body heights and the intervertebral disc heights from C3 to L5 or L6, respectively. Cervical lordosis was measured as the angle between the upper end-plate of C3 and the lower end-plate of C7. Thoracic kyphosis was measured as the angle between the upper end-plate of T1 and the lower end-plate of T12 or T15, respectively. Lumbar lordosis was measured as the angle between the upper end-plate of L1 and the lower end-plate of L5 or L6, respectively. SD is shown in parenthesis. Length is in mm, and curves are in degrees