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Transmembrane water loss (TMWL), as measured using a Delfin VapoMeter® (Delfin Technologies Ltd, Kuopio, Finland) by application of the device for 15 s to nonmicroorganism-loaded Silescol® membrane immediately following removal of an inserted hypodermic needle (a), immediately following removal of a microneedle array that was left in place for 24 h following puncture (b) and immediately following removal of a microneedle array that was removed immediately following puncture (c).
