Table 2. Univariate analysis of association between cytokine response to PPD and characteristics of patients with tuberculosis.
| Variable | No. of patients | IL-1β level, median pg/mL (IQR) | P | IL-6 level, median pg/mL (IQR) | P | TNF level, median pg/mL (IQR) | P | IL-8 level, median pg/mL (IQR) | P | Granulocyte monocyte–CSF level, median pg/mL (IQR) | P | IFN-γ level, median pg/mL (IQR) | P | IL-2 level, median pg/mL (IQR) | P | IL-10 level, median pg/mL (IQR) | P | IL-13 level, median pg/mL (IQR) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | |||||||||||||||||||
| 20–35 | 21 | 4260 (4865) | .59 | 27,732 (29,162) | .77 | 2108 (4780) | .73 | 7964 (3839) | .06 | 34 (73.5) | .97 | 4470 (6549) | .46 | 411 (1396) | .99 | 2185 (2287) | .79 | 20 (127) | .88 |
| 36–50 | 19 | 4859 (5457) | 26,695 (33,409) | 1697 (2845) | 4180 (7427) | 34 (50) | 5004 (13,462) | 408 (517) | 1895 (4949) | 48 (62) | |||||||||
| ≥51 | 26 | 4027 (6449) | 26,996 (38,971) | 2461 (2663) | 7314 (4604) | 19 (82) | 2479 (5650) | 173 (829) | 1687 (3800) | 9.5 (18) | |||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 42 | 4256 (5368) | .74 | 27,678 (28,592) | .99 | 2444 (2956) | .48 | 7064 (6820) | .54 | 20 (36) | .03 | 2269 (5992) | .05 | 172 (368) | .001 | 2312 (3824) | .17 | 8.2 (50) | .07 |
| Female | 24 | 4381 (6420) | 27,354 (40,983) | 2057 (2896) | 7314 (3314) | 43 (66) | 4827 (10,664) | 726 (1588) | 1259 (2466) | 36 (112) | |||||||||
| Country of enrollment | |||||||||||||||||||
| United States | 14 | 4533 (4155) | .68 | 59,871 (27,783) | .001 | 3898 (6760) | .03 | 6530 (3210) | .6 | 64 (88) | .31 | 6606 (39,758) | .1 | 1047 (1930) | .06 | 4336 (7221) | .03 | 35 (123) | .01 |
| Mexico | 52 | 4227 (5951) | 25,396 (24,834) | 1904 (2542) | 7363 (6994) | 24 (43) | 3060 (6354) | 232 (606) | 1819 (2248) | 9.2 (65) | |||||||||
| Duration of treatment | |||||||||||||||||||
| None | 15 | 4888 (4779) | .83 | 24,971 (43,272) | .99 | 2546 (7080) | .59 | 7773 (4639) | .47 | 37 (64) | .11 | 3487 (15,088) | .7 | 441 (1298) | .44 | 1628 (3430) | .31 | 57 (96) | .14 |
| ≥1 day | 51 | 4251 (6800) | 27,732 (28,816) | 2259 (2666) | 6860 (6273) | 24 (58) | 2813 (6442) | 290 (821) | 2092 (3632) | 10 (51) | |||||||||
| BCG vaccination | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 41 | 4251 (3495) | .56 | 26,695 (27,029) | .18 | 1677 (2430) | .05 | 7563 (6783) | .72 | 26 (51) | .56 | 2580 (5927) | .14 | 310 (584) | .19 | 1655 (2288) | .15 | 12 (51) | .09 |
| No | 17 | 4192 (4155) | 40,569 (38,653) | 3238 (5070) | 6810 (3480) | 31 (174) | 6669 (28,284) | 877 (2216) | 2406 (3228) | 37 (263) | |||||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 29 | 4948 (7519) | .12 | 40,569 (32,319) | .09 | 2927 (2160) | .07 | 5580 (4875) | .1 | 50 (84) | .01 | 6669 (9852) | <.001 | 602 (1180) | .007 | 2092 (5175) | 1.0 | 32 (94) | .03 |
| No | 37 | 3849 (3495) | 23,839 (26,233) | 1641 (3197) | 7964 (5990) | 20 (30) | 1545 (3383) | 160 (492) | 1895 (2461) | 8 (55) | |||||||||
| HbA1c levela | |||||||||||||||||||
| Normal | 47 | 3863 (4663) | .04 | 23,839 (26,254) | .006 | 1641 (2952) | .004 | 7760 (6669) | .38 | 20 (28) | .001 | 2218 (4137) | <.001 | 168 (368) | <.001 | 1788 (3711) | .35 | 5.7 (50) | .004 |
| High | 19 | 5456 (7810) | 47,352 (32,758) | 3335 (4886) | 5890 (3940) | 67 (130) | 8624 (29,631) | 1293 (1649) | 2406 (4989) | 51 (116) | |||||||||
| Hyperglycemia | |||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 25 | 4859 (6328) | .35 | 37,020 (23,839) | .29 | 3049 (2048) | .07 | 5580 (4970) | .24 | 50 (74) | .02 | 6414 (8760) | .01 | 602 (1103) | .01 | 2406 (5125) | .81 | 40 (94) | .04 |
| No | 41 | 3863 (4865) | 26,025 (29,967) | 1641 (3102) | 7760 (5849) | 20 (33) | 1546 (4137) | 168 (615) | 1895 (2562) | 7.6 (55) | |||||||||
| BMIb | |||||||||||||||||||
| Underweight | 17 | 4251 (7564) | .74 | 19,477 (27,404) | .24 | 1954 (1972) | .16 | 7269 (5036) | .86 | 11 (31) | .07 | 789 (4193) | .005 | 107 (271) | .005 | 2217 (2233) | .6 | 1.7 (7.6) | .001 |
| Normal | 27 | 4192 (6278) | 27,732 (27,550) | 1855 (3042) | 8025 (7602) | 24 (55) | 3307 (7553) | 204 (603) | 1510 (2706) | 14 (86) | |||||||||
| Overweight or obese | 22 | 4690 (4007) | 38,590 (37,528) | 3287 (6191) | 6015 (3722) | 55 (87) | 5631 (27,316) | 803 (1330) | 2036 (4435) | 53.7 (91) | |||||||||
NOTE. Boldface type indicates statistically significant P values. P values were estimated by Kruskall-Wallis test. BCG vaccination history was available for 58 participants. BCG, bacille Calmette-Guérin; BMI, body mass index, calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.
a
Normal HbA1c level was defined as ≤6.2% of total hemoglobin; high HbA1c level was defined as >6.2% of total hemoglobin.
b
Underweight was defined as BMI <18.5, normal weight was defined as BMI 18.5–24.9, and overweight or obese was defined as BMI ≥25.