Table 1.

Comparison of Behavioral and Cognitive Learning Systems

	Behavioral	Cognitive
Internal state:	homeostatic drive	motive
Input:	stimulus element	stimulus configuration
Output:	response	act
Outcome:	homeostasis	information
Product:	habit	memory
Product formed by:	reinforcement	observation
Formation rate:	slow	fast
Product degraded by:	extinction	forgetting
Degradation rate:	slow	fast
Cerebral substrates:	cortico-basal ganglia	cortico-limbic
Major neuromodulator:	dopamine	acetylcholine

Some of the properties that differentiate the two learning systems (adaped from Mishkin and Petri, 1984).