Effect of LacNAc-BSA on bfpA transcription andbundlin expression. A) bfpA transcription was monitored by the production of light in E2348/69 harbouring the plasmid pRMHluxA, which encodes the luciferase operon under the control of the bfpA promoter. The data are presented as luminescence (cps) relative to the OD600nm. B) Temporal expression of bundlin, monitored by immunoblot analysis, in E2348/69 in the presence (L) or absence (B) of 0.8 mg/mL LacNAc-BSA. The blot is representative of three independent experiments and the graph represents the bundlin band immunoblot densities relative to those of the corresponding MBP bands for each lane of the blots. **p < 0.001 relative to underivatized BSA. The graph presents the means of the three independent experiments and the error bars are standard deviations from the means. C) Effect of LacNAc-BSA on the expression of bfpA in E2348/69, UMD916 (ΔbfpF), UMD916 (pMSD217), ALN188 and ALN188 (pCAdegP) determined by qPCR of cDNA isolated from bacteria treated with LacNAc-BSA or underivatized BSA for 30 minutes. Fold increase in gene expression was determined by the 2−ΔΔCt calculation, as detailed in the Materials and Methods section. **p < 0.001 relative to underivatized BSA (n = 3).