Table 2.
Effects of Cholesterol Manipulations in Animals
| Variable | Measure | Change | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elevated serum cholesterol | Water maze learning | Increase | (Dufour et al., 2006; Micale et al., 2008; Miller and Wehner, 1994; Upchurch and Wehner, 1988) |
| Decrease | (Granholm et al., 2008; Thirumangalakudi et al., 2008) | ||
| Eyeblink conditioning acquisition |
Increase | (Schreurs et al., 2003; Schreurs et al., 2007a; Schreurs et al., 2007b) |
|
| Eyeblink conditioning memory |
Decrease | (Darwish et al., 2010) | |
| Elevated cholesterol + copper | Decrease | (Sparks and Schreurs, 2003; Woodruff-Pak et al., 2007) | |
| Decreased serum cholesterol | Water maze learning | Increase | (Kane and Robinson, 1999; Kessler et al., 1986; Quartermain et al., 2001; Yehuda et al., 1998; Yehuda and Carasso, 1993) |
| Eyeblink conditioning | Increase | (Endo et al., 1996; O’Brien et al., 2002; Voikar et al., 2002; Xu et al., 1998) | |
| Passive avoidance | Increase | (Quartermain et al., 2001) | |
| Statin treatment | Water maze learning and zmemory |
Increase | (Li et al., 2006; Lu et al., 2007) |
| No change | (Koladiya et al., 2008) | ||
| Apolipoprotein E (ApoE4) | Water maze | Decrease | (Bour et al., 2008; Grootendorst et al., 2005; Veinbergs et al., 2000) |
| Water maze | No change | (Hartman et al., 2001) | |
| Radial arm maze | Decrease | (Eddins et al., 2009; Hartman et al., 2001; Lominska et al., 2001) | |
| ATP Binding cassette – ABCA1 | Water maze | No change | (Lefterov et al., 2009) |
| – ABCG1 | Water maze | No change | (Burgess et al., 2008; Parkinson et al., 2009) |
| Low-density Lipoprotein Receptors | Water maze | Decrease | (Mulder et al., 2004) |
| No change | (Cao et al., 2006) | ||
| Water radial arm maze | Decrease | (Thirumangalakudi et al., 2008) | |
| Active avoidance | Decrease | (Jaeger et al., 2010) | |
| LRP + amyloid precursor protein | Water maze | Decrease | (Harris-White et al., 2004; Zerbinatti et al., 2004) |
| Liver × receptor agonist | Fear conditioning | Increase | (Jiang et al., 2008; Riddell et al., 2007) |
| Object recognition | Increase | (Vanmierlo et al., 2009) | |
| Cholesterol metabolites (24S-hydroxycholesterol) |
Water maze | Decrease | (Hudry et al., 2009; Kotti et al., 2006; Zhao et al., 2009) |