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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anal Biochem. 2010 May 5;404(1):56–63. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.04.033

Figure 1.

Figure 1

(A) Enzyme mechanism catalyzed by adenylation enzymes (AEs). (B) Representative acceptor molecules in primary and seconday metabolism (4–7). Ester formation: for aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, the acceptor residue is the 2' or 3' alcohol from the ribose sugar of the terminal adenosine residue of a cognate tRNA molecule (4). Thioester formation: For CoA ligases, the acceptor is the terminal sulfur atom of the coenzyme A molecule (5) and for carrier domains of polyketide synthases (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) the acceptor is the terminal sulfur atom of the phosphopantetheinyl (ppant) cofactor arm (6). Amide formation: For PanC involved in coenzyme A biosynthesis, the acceptor is the β-amino group of β-alanine.