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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010 Feb 11;34(8):1223–1233. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.02.002

Figure 3. Opposite effects on stress on hippocampal-dependent trace conditioning and dendritic spines in the hippocampus in males vs. females (Shors et al., 2001a; (Waddell et al., 2008).

Figure 3

Under unstressed conditions, females emit more CRs than males. However, stressor exposure enhances trace conditioning in males, but impairs it in females (A). Similarly under unstressed conditions, females in proestus have greater spin density than males. Stressful experience increases spine density in males, while it decreases spine density in females (B). The altered spine density following stress is observed on apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons (C).