Fig. 3.

Effect on Woodcock-Johnson letter-word scores of a recent homicide occurring within the block group, census tract, or neighborhood cluster, respectively, among African-Americans in the Three City Study Chicago sample. Coefficient values are shown for all block group estimates and for significant estimates at all levels. Sample sizes: Block group estimates are based on 342 assessments among 177 respondents; census tract and neighborhood cluster estimates are based on 348 assessments among 180 respondents. *P < 0.10; **P < 0.05.