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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jul 9.
Published in final edited form as: J Drug Issues. 2009 Jan;39(1):115–132. doi: 10.1177/002204260903900110

Table 4.

List of Techniques Derived from DNA Cloning

  1. Site-directed mutations and deletions

  2. Construction of chimeras of receptors, peptides, etc.

  3. Knockout and transgenic animals

  4. Microarrays to study changes in gene expression

  5. Study of single nucleotide polymorphisms and other genetic variants

  6. Species differences and evolutionary changes in gene structure

  7. Studies of gene expression and promoter regulation by transcription factors