Table 2.

Initial covariate imbalance

Covariate	F-stat	SBS	Covariate	F-stat	SBS
Age	65.851	80*	Personal rewards to crime	1.355	12
Punishment cost—material	35.204	64*	Motivation to succeed	1.158	11
Punishment costs—variety	26.078	55*	Moral disengagement	1.151	11
Ethnic identity—achievement	9.601	32*	Domains of social support	1.136	10
Ethnic identity—overall	8.782	31*	Employed?	1.044	11
Exposure to violence—witness	8.162	29*	Parent's education	1.002	11
Male	7.815	26*	No. routine unsupervised activities	0.935	10
Weinberger—suppression of anger	7.803	29*	Risk-need: peer	0.921	10
White	7.651	27*	Other race	0.897	10
Exposure to violence—victim	5.984	25*	Alcohol use/dependency	0.713	9
Ethnic identity—affirmation	5.639	24*	Psychosocial maturity	0.556	7
Weinberger—temperament	5.585	24*	Any overnight stays in secure facility?	0.423	7
No. of priors in the past year	5.569	22*	Gang membership?	0.375	6
Weinberger—consideration of others	5.455	23*	Risk-need: mental health	0.332	6
No. of priors—ever	5.059	24*	Both biological parents present	0.321	6
Certainty of punishment—others	4.336	21*	Early onset?	0.275	5
Age at first prior	3.320	19	Walden—self-regulation	0.264	5
Certainty of punishment—self	3.279	19	No. of priors—past 6 months	0.260	5
Punishment cost—freedom issues	2.819	18	Risk-need: parent	0.232	5
Hispanic	2.811	17	Social cost of crime	0.228	5
PCL factor 2	2.554	17	Black	0.220	5
Resistance to peer influence	2.228	15	IQ	0.171	4
Risk-need: attitudes	2.013	14	Involved in community activity	0.167	4
Weinberger—impulse control	1.946	14	Social capital—social integration	0.158	4
Total anxiety scores	1.762	14	Mental health diagnosis—ever	0.152	4
Social capital—closure and integration	1.712	14	Drug use/dependency	0.101	3
Social capital—perceived opportunity for work	1.679	14	Any community service?	0.094	3
Risk-need: substance use	1.474	12	Risk-need: antisocial history	0.094	3
Risk-need: schooling	1.374	12	PCL factor 1	0.047	2
			Legal cynicism	0.018	1

^*Denotes covariate is initially out of balance