Table 2.
Descriptive Summary of Wellness Interventions for Persons with Chronic and Disabling Conditions: 1990–2007 (N = 190)
| Variable | Frequency |
Mean | SD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | |||
| Year of Publication | ||||
| 1990–2000 | 34 | 17.9 | ||
| 2001–2007 | 156 | 82.1 | ||
| SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS | ||||
| Sample Size (range = 6–688) | 100.22 | 102.97 | ||
| ≤30 | 35 | 18.4 | ||
| 31–100 | 98 | 51.6 | ||
| >100 | 57 | 30.0 | ||
| Percentage of Sample Completing Study | 84.45 | .12 | ||
| ≤60% | 11 | 5.9 | ||
| 61–85% | 79 | 41.5 | ||
| >85% | 100 | 52.7 | ||
| Mean Age of Participants (missing = 9) | 57.92 | 11.24 | ||
| 28–40 | 16 | 8.8 | ||
| 41–60 | 86 | 47.6 | ||
| 61–75 | 74 | 40.8 | ||
| >75 | 5 | 2.8 | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Male Only | 11 | 5.8 | ||
| Female Only | 42 | 22.1 | ||
| Males and Females | 137 | 72.1 | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Not Specified | 118 | 62.1 | ||
| Primarily White/Caucasian | 51 | 26.8 | ||
| Primarily Minority | 15 | 7.9 | ||
| All one racial or ethnic group | 6 | 3.2 | ||
| Chronic Disabling Condition | ||||
| Mobility Impairment | 7 | 3.7 | ||
| Stroke | 20 | 10.5 | ||
| HIV | 16 | 8.4 | ||
| Cancer | 32 | 16.8 | ||
| Heart Failure | 24 | 12.6 | ||
| Other Cardiovascular | 23 | 12.1 | ||
| Arthritis | 20 | 10.5 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 10 | 5.3 | ||
| Diabetes | 12 | 6.3 | ||
| Other | 26 | 13.7 | ||
| INTERVENTION CHARACTERISTICS | ||||
| Type of Intervention | ||||
| Exercise | 101 | 53.2 | ||
| Nutrition | 8 | 4.2 | ||
| Stress Management/Psych Well Being | 27 | 14.2 | ||
| Multiple Foci (2 or more health behaviors) | 42 | 22.1 | ||
| General Health Education/Other | 12 | 6.3 | ||
| Intervention Delivery | ||||
| Individual | 101 | 53.2 | ||
| Group | 50 | 26.3 | ||
| Individual and Group | 30 | 15.8 | ||
| Not Clearly Specified | 9 | 4.7 | ||
| Theoretical Base for Intervention | ||||
| Yes | 46 | 24.2 | ||
| No | 144 | 75.8 | ||
| Time Spent in Intervention (Range = 1–234 hrs) | 28.81 | 33.13 | ||
| <10 hours | 29 | 28.15 | ||
| 11–20 hours | 22 | 21.35 | ||
| 21–50 hours | 37 | 35.92 | ||
| >50 hours | 15 | 14.56 | ||
| *Missing data = 87 cases | ||||
| Duration of Intervention (Range = 1–208 weeks) |
17 |
8.9 |
18.89 | 22.49 |
| 4 weeks or less | 97 | 51.1 | ||
| 5–12 weeks | 53 | 27.9 | ||
| 13–26 weeks | 23 | 12.1 | ||
| More than 26 weeks | ||||
| Length of Post-intervention Follow-up | ||||
| Immediate Post Only | 121 | 63.7 | ||
| Up to one month | 12 | 6.3 | ||
| 1–3 months | 22 | 11.6 | ||
| >3 months | 35 | 18.4 | ||
| MEASURES AND ANALYSES | ||||
| Types of Measures Used | ||||
| Self-report Only | 39 | 20.5 | ||
| Performance Only | 13 | 6.8 | ||
| Biological Measures Only | 2 | 1.1 | ||
| Combination: Self-report, | 136 | 71.6 | ||
| Performance, and/or Biological Measures | ||||
| Method of Analysis | ||||
| Non-parametric | 10 | 5.3 | ||
| T-tests | 23 | 12.2 | ||
| ANOVA | 24 | 12.6 | ||
| RM ANOVA | 54 | 28.4 | ||
| ANCOVA | 25 | 13.2 | ||
| RM ANCOVA | 10 | 5.3 | ||
| Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA, MANCOVA, RM MANOVA) |
27 | 14.2 | ||
| Multi-level Modeling | 6 | 3.2 | ||
| Other | 11 | 5.8 | ||
| FINDINGS | ||||
| Significant Between-group Differences | ||||
| Yes | 173 | 89.5 | ||
| No | 17 | 9.5 | ||
| Number of Significant Differences | ||||
| 0 | 15 | 7.9 | ||
| 1 | 24 | 12.6 | ||
| 2–5 | 110 | 58.8 | ||
| 6–10 | 29 | 15.5 | ||
| More than 10 | 9 | 1.6 | ||
| Largest Effect Size Immediate Post-intervention | ||||
| (n = 118) | ||||
| Small (.20 or less) | 2 | 1.6 | ||
| Medium (.21 to .50) | 19 | 16.2 | ||
| Large (>.50) | 97 | 82.2 | ||
| Smallest Effect Size Immediate Post- | ||||
| intervention (n = 117) | ||||
| Small (.20 or less) | 92 | 78.6 | ||
| Medium (.21 to .50) | 21 | 17.9 | ||
| Large (>.50) | 4 | 3.4 | ||
| Largest Effect Size Final Follow-up (n = 33) | ||||
| Small (.20 or less) | 2 | 6.1 | ||
| Medium (.21 to .50) | 10 | 30.3 | ||
| Large (>.50) | 21 | 63.6 | ||
| Smallest Effect Size Final Follow-up (n = 33) | ||||
| Small (.20 or less) | 24 | 72.7 | ||
| Medium (.21 to .50) | 8 | 24.2 | ||
| Large (>.50) | 1 | 3.0 | ||