TABLE 1.
Immunomodulatory effects of macrolides on cellular functions
| Target cells and actions | Reference(s) |
|---|---|
| Airway epithelial cells | |
| Inhibition of: | |
| Chloride secretion | 76, 104, 151, 288, 289, 346 |
| Mucus secretion | 83, 125, 216, 254 |
| Adhesion molecules | 133, 135, 169 |
| Proinflammatory cytokines | 41, 135, 255, 257, 283, 333 |
| Inflammatory mediators | 284, 286 |
| Enhancement of: | |
| Tight junction or cell barrier | 16, 67, 205 |
| Defensin | 109 |
| Neutrophils | |
| Inhibition of: | |
| Chemotaxis | 20, 119, 134, 304 |
| Adhesion molecules | 61, 159, 173, 198 |
| Proinflammatory cytokines | 49, 213, 248, 307 |
| Elastase | 82, 260 |
| Reactive oxygen species | 1, 6, 7, 161, 166, 173, 225 |
| Promotion of: | |
| Chemotaxis | 6 |
| Apoptosis | 12, 106, 146 |
| Eosinophils | |
| Inhibition of: | |
| Proinflammatory cytokines | 149 |
| Reactive oxygen species | 47 |
| Lymphocytes | |
| Inhibition of proinflammatory | |
| cytokines | 15 |
| Enhancement of: | |
| Apoptosis | 107, 118 |
| Regulation by dendritic cells | 270 |
| Monocytes | |
| Inhibition of proinflammatory | |
| cytokines | 140, 197 |
| Enhancement of differentiation | 271 |
| Macrophages | |
| Inhibition of: | |
| Proinflammatory cytokines | 186, 200, 248 |
| Inducible NO | 148, 291 |
| Fibroblasts | |
| Inhibition of: | |
| Proliferation | 170, 210, 330 |
| Collagen | 103, 341 |
| Matrix protease | 124 |
| Proinflammatory cytokines | 182, 245, 279, 330 |
| Vascular endothelial cells | |
| Inhibition of: | |
| Angiogenesis | 10, 217, 339, 340 |
| Adhesion molecules | 169 |