TABLE 1.
Mn(II)-oxidizing fungi and bacteria isolated from CMD passive treatment systems
| Species identification | Representative isolate | Morphological description for species-level identification of fungus | No. of isolates from site |
Mn2+ tolerance (mM) | Growth rateb at Mn2+ concn (mM) of: |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DS1 | DS2 | DS3 | SRC1 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | ||||
| Fungi | ||||||||||
| Plectosphaerella cucumerina | DS2psM2a2 | Conidiophores (tapered, 1-septate) after 2 weeks growth | 9 | 13 | —a | 27 | >10 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.6 |
| Microdochium bolleyi | SRC1dJ1a | Pink with chlamydospores (chain) and conidia (straight to slight crescent shape, ∼8-μm length) | — | — | — | 10 | 1 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 7.7 |
| Stilbella aciculosa | DS2rAY2a | Hyphal conidia (∼4 by 12-15 μm, cylindrical, sometimes septate); synemmata with conidia (nonseptate, tapered, ellipsoid, ∼6-μm length) | 2 | 11 | — | — | >10 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.1 |
| Pyrenochaeta sp. | DS3sAY3a | Pycnidia (dark-brown/black, setae near the osteole) filled with conidia (∼2.4 μm by 4.8 μm, near globose, slipper-shaped, two-gutulate) | — | — | 2 | — | >10 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 |
| Stagonospora sp. | SRC1lsM3a | No spores or reproductive structures produced after 5 months | — | — | — | 1 | >10 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.5 |
| Alternaria alternata | SRC1lrK2f | Chains (long, often branching) of ornamented conidia; conidiophores (long, 1- to 3-septate, straight to curved) | — | — | — | 2 | >10 | 8.3 | 7.8 | 7.8 |
| Acremonium strictum | DS1bioAY4a | Slimy and orange mycelial mat with gelatinous masses filled with conidia (∼4-5-μm length) | 4 | 1 | — | — | >10 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.9 |
| Pithomyces chartarum | DS1bioJ1b | Conidia (dark brown/black, muriform, verruculose, ∼22-24-μm length) | 1 | — | — | — | 5 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 7.7 |
| Phoma sp. | DS1wsM30b | Chlamydospores (slightly pigmented, nearly globose, ∼4-15-μm width, longitudinal septa absent) | 1 | — | — | — | >10 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 7.2 |
| Bacteria | ||||||||||
| Agrobacterium sp. | SRC1K2fb | — | — | — | 1 | >10 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | |
| Bacillus sp. | DS3sK3a | — | 3 | 2 | — | >10 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |
| Flavobacterium sp. | DS2psK4b | — | 1 | — | — | >10 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
| Pseudomonas sp. | DS3sK1h | — | — | 2 | — | >10 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |
a
—, no isolates obtained.
b
Growth rates for fungi (mm/day) were determined by measuring the increase in diameter with time. Growth rates for bacteria (OD600/h) were determined by measuring the optical density at 600 nm (OD600) with 200 μM ascorbic acid to dissolve Mn(III/IV) oxides. Rates were determined during exponential growth phase.