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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jul 12.
Published in final edited form as: Cell. 2005 Oct 7;123(1):25–35. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.07.030

Figure 1. PDE4D Deficiency Promotes Age-Related Cardiomyopathy.

Figure 1

*p < 0.05 versus wt; #p < 0.05 versus PDE4D−/−.

(A) Echocardiography at 3 month intervals showing progressive increase in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) in PDE4D−/− mice (open squares, wt; filled squares, PDE4D−/−; n = 12 each). Data in (A)–(D) are mean ± SEM.

(B) Age-dependent increase in heart-to-body-weight ratio (HW/BW) in PDE4D−/− mice (open bar, wt; filled bar, PDE4D−/−).

(C) Age-dependent decrease in ejection fraction (EF) in PDE4D−/− mice (open bar, wt; filled bar, PDE4D−/−).

(D) Reduced cardiac contractility (dP/dt/Pid) in PDE4D−/− mice at 3, 9, and 15 months of age (open squares, wt; filled squares, PDE4D−/−).

(E) Histology showing dilated cardiomyopathy in PDE4D-deficient mouse hearts.