Table 5.
Classes of Antiretrovirals, Specific Antiretroviral Drugs and Any Antiretroviral Drug Exposure by Trimester and Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies
| Antiretrovirals | Trimester of Exposure |
Congenital anomalies [No.] | Total number of women [No.] | Women with LBs [No.] | Prevalence * (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Trimester [No. (%)] | 2nd Trimester [No. (%)] | 3rd Trimester [No. (%)] | |||||
| Any PI | |||||||
| Yes | 115 (11.6) | 434 (43.6) | 561 (56.4) | 30 | 579 | 567 | 5.29 (3.40–7.18) |
| No | 880 (88.4) | 561 (56.4) | 434 (43.6) | 30 | 416 | 407 | 7.37 (4.73–10.01) |
| Amprenavir | |||||||
| Yes | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 0 | 3 | 3 | |
| No | 933 (99.8) | 933 (99.8) | 933 (99.8) | 60 | 992 | 971 | |
| Atazanavir | |||||||
| Yes | 7 (0.7) | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 0 | 8 | 8 | |
| No | 988 (99.3) | 933 (99.8) | 933 (99.8) | 60 | 987 | 966 | |
| Indinavir | |||||||
| Yes | 10 (1.0) | 8 (0.8) | 5 (0.5) | 0 | 13 | 13 | |
| No | 985 (99.0) | 987 (99.2) | 990 (99.5) | 60 | 982 | 961 | |
| Lopinavir | |||||||
| Yes | 21 (2.1) | 46 (4.6) | 72 (7.2) | 5 | 74 | 74 | |
| No | 974 (97.9) | 949 (95.4) | 923 (92.8) | 55 | 921 | 900 | |
| Nelfinavir | |||||||
| Yes | 76 (7.6) | 375 (37.7) | 489 (49.2) | 25 | 508 | 497 | 5.03 (3.06–7.00) |
| No | 919 (92.4) | 620 (62.3) | 506 (50.8) | 35 | 487 | 477 | 7.34 (4.91–9.77) |
| Ritonavir | |||||||
| Yes | 22 (2.2) | 46 (4.6) | 72 (7.2) | 5 | 74 | 74 | |
| No | 973 (97.8) | 949 (95.4) | 923 (92.8) | 55 | 921 | 900 | |
| Saquinavir (hard gel) | |||||||
| Yes | 3 (0.3) | 6 (0.6) | 6 (0.6) | 0 | 6 | 6 | |
| No | 992 (99.7) | 989 (99.4) | 989 (99.4) | 60 | 989 | 968 | |
| Saquinavir (soft gel) | |||||||
| Yes | 2 (0.2) | 4 (0.4) | 6 (0.6) | 0 | 7 | 6 | |
| No | 993 (99.8) | 991 (99.6) | 989 (99.4) | 60 | 988 | 968 | |
| Any NRTI | |||||||
| Yes | 248 (24.9) | 769 (77.3) | 978 (98.3) | 59 | 987 | 967 | 6.10 (4.54–7.66) |
| No | 747 (75.1) | 226 (22.7) | 17 (1.7) | 1 | 8 | 7 | 14.29 (0–42.3) |
| Abacavir | |||||||
| Yes | 21 (2.1) | 18 (1.8) | 22 (2.2) | 3 | 32 | 31 | |
| No | 974 (97.9) | 977 (98.2) | 973 (97.8) | 57 | 963 | 943 | |
| Stavudine | |||||||
| Yes | 58 (5.8) | 51 (5.1) | 44 (4.4) | 5 | 81 | 78 | |
| No | 937 (94.2) | 944 (94.9) | 951 (95.6) | 55 | 914 | 896 | |
| Zalcitabine | |||||||
| Yes | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
| No | 933 (99.8) | 994 (99.9) | 995 | 60 | 993 | 972 | |
| Didanosine | |||||||
| Yes | 33 (3.3) | 37 (3.7) | 31 (3.1) | 4 | 52 | 51 | |
| No | 962 (96.7) | 958 (96.3) | 964 (96.9) | 56 | 943 | 923 | |
| Tenofovir | |||||||
| Yes | 4 (0.4) | 3 (0.3) | 12 (1.2) | 1 | 13 | 13 | |
| No | 991 (99.6) | 992 (99.7) | 983 (98.8) | 59 | 982 | 961 | |
| Lamivudine | |||||||
| Yes | 204 (20.5) | 680 (68.3) | 906 (91.1) | 54 | 921 | 901 | 5.99 (4.39–7.59) |
| No | 791 (79.5) | 315 (31.7) | 89 (8.9) | 6 | 74 | 73 | 8.2 (1.64–14.80) |
| Zidovudine | |||||||
| Yes | 182 (18.3) | 731 (73.5) | 942 (94.7) | 57 | 954 | 936 | 6.09 (4.51–7.67) |
| No | 813 (81.7) | 264 (26.5) | 53 (5.3) | 3 | 41 | 38 | 7.89 (0–16.83) |
| Emtricitabine | |||||||
| Yes | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| No | 994 (99.9) | 995 | 995 | 60 | 994 | 973 | |
| Any NNRTI | |||||||
| Yes | 130 (13.1) | 278 (27.9) | 350 (35.2) | 32 | 407 | 398 | 8.04 (5.25–10.83) |
| No | 865 (86.9) | 717 (72.1) | 645 (64.8) | 28 | 590 | 576 | 4.86 (3.06–6.66) |
| Efavirenz | |||||||
| Yes | 43 (4.3) | 13 (1.3) | 3 (0.3) | 4 | 44 | 44 | |
| No | 952 (95.7) | 982 (98.7) | 992 (99.7) | 56 | 951 | 930 | |
| Nevirapine | |||||||
| Yes | 95 (9.5) | 269 (27.0) | 348 (35.0) | 30 | 383 | 374 | 8.02 (5.15–10.89) |
| No | 900 (90.5) | 726 (73.0) | 647 (65.0) | 30 | 612 | 606 | 4.95 (3.18–6.72) |
| Any ARV | |||||||
| Yes | 249 (25.0) | 779 (78.3) | 988 (99.3) | 59 | 988 | 968 | 6.10 (4.54–7.65) |
| No | 746 (75.0) | 216 (21.7) | 7 (0.7) | 1 | 7 | 6 | 16.67 (0–49.33) |
*
Prevalence rates calculated when ≥ 200 live born infants exposed in utero