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An aberrant current permeable to protons could stimulate the NHE and NBC transporters with a resultant increase in intracellular sodium ions. Stimulation of the monocarboxylate transporter would result in increased lactate efflux from the cell which has been proposed as contributory to vacuolar formation (see text). MCT, monocarboxylate transporter; NHE, sodium–hydrogen anti-port exchanger; NBC, sodium-dependent bicarbonate transporter; CA, carbonic anhydrase.
