Fig. 2.

Time course of degree of seizure in rats treated with tramadol. The rats (n=6) were intraperitoneally administered saline, and tramadol 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, respectively (group 'Control', 'TRA5', 'TRA10', 'TRA20' and 'TRA40'). The degree of seizure were evaluated with numerical seizure score (NSS), a modified Racine scale, from 0 to 5 as follows: 0, no response; 1, wet-dog shake/or behavioral arrest; 2, wet-dog shake, staring, pawing, clonic jerks; 3, bilateral forelimb clonus with rearing falling; 4, continuous grade 3 seizures for >30 min; and 5, death. Data were expressed as mean±S.D. Data were analyzed by two factor repeated measures ANOVA with time and treatment, and a Bonferroni test was used to analyze variables for time between groups. Statistical results were not marked in figure, but were described in text.