TABLE 1.
Alterations in Gene Expression after Dicarbonyl Exposure
| Dicarbonyl | Concentration (ppm) | GM-CSF | IL-6 | IL-8 | TNF-α |
| Diacetyl | 65 | 359 | 48 | 29 | 109 |
| 28 | 0.2 | 15 | 10 | 0.6 | |
| 15 | 1 | 11 | 7 | 0.4 | |
| Methyl Glyoxal | 65 | 49 | 214 | 37 | 63 |
| 33 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 14 | |
| 15 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 12 | |
| Glyoxal | 65 | 338 | 325 | 80 | 312 |
| 30 | 24 | 34 | 28 | 8 | |
| 15 | 13 | 28 | 12 | 7 | |
| 4-OPA | 65 | 189 | 60 | 77 | 168 |
| 30 | 8 | 32 | 11 | 11 | |
| 15 | 7 | 32 | 14 | 16 | |
| Glutaraldehyde | 65 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| 32 | 0.2 | 23 | 11 | 0.7 | |
| 15 | 1 | 15 | 9 | 2 |
Note. Numbers shown indicate relative fold change in gene expression of dicarbonyl-exposed A549 cells compared to clean air. A 4-h exposure with a 2-h recovery was conducted for each experiment.