Table 3.
Participant characteristics by gender and nicotine dependence (n = 310)
| Men (n = 194) | Women (n = 116) | Highly dependent (n = 222) | Less dependent (n = 88) | |
| Percent of n | 62.6 | 37.4 | 71.6 | 28.4 |
| Mean age (SD), years | 51.0 (9.0) | 48.0 (10.1) | 50.0 (8.6) | 49.4 (11.5) |
| Mean age first tried a cigarette (SD), years | 15.0 (3.1) | 16.8 (4.6) | 15.7 (4.2) | 15.5 (2.9) |
| Mean age of initiation of daily smoking (SD), years | 17.2 (3.1) | 19.3 (5.1) | 18.0 (4.5) | 18.0 (2.7) |
| Mean number of cigarettes smoked per day (SD) | 26.8 (12.0) | 23.5 (9.5) | 28.3 (11.7) | 18.5 (5.5) |
| Mean total number of cigarettes smoked last week (SD) | 177.3 (82.9) | 162.0 (66.0) | 188.8 (80.9) | 128.0 (43.4) |
| Mean expired-air carbon monoxide (SD), ppm | 27.3 (12.2) | 26.8 (12.1) | 29.1 (11.6) | 21.9 (12.0) |
| At least one previous attempt to quit (%) | 77.6 | 84.5 | 79.3 | 88.6 |
| Mean FTND total score (SD) | 6.5 (2.2) | 6.8 (1.8) | 7.6 (1.3) | 4.0 (1.2) |
| Mean MNWS scores (SDs) | ||||
| MNWS craving | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.0) | 2.6 (1.0) |
| DSM-IV withdrawal | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.7) |
| Mean FTCQ-12 scores (SDs) | ||||
| Factor 1 (Emotionality) | 2.8 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.6) | 3.0 (1.7) | 2.2 (1.3) |
| Factor 2 (Compulsivity) | 5.2 (1.5) | 5.0 (1.6) | 5.4 (1.5) | 4.8 (1.5) |
| Factor 3 (Expectancy) | 3.5 (1.7) | 3.3 (1.7) | 3.7 (1.7) | 2.8 (1.5) |
| Factor 4 (Purposefulness) | 4.5 (1.3) | 4.3 (1.4) | 4.4 (1.2) | 4.8 (1.4) |
| General Craving Score | 3.9 (1.0) | 3.7 (1.1) | 4.0 (1.1) | 3.4 (1.0) |
Note. DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Revised (American Psychiatric Association, 2000); FTCQ-12 = 12-item French Tobacco Craving Questionnaire; FTND = Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; MNWS = Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale.