Table 2.
Smoking characteristics between racial and gender groups in community corrections (N = 157)
| Variable | White (n = 80), M (SD) or % | Black (n = 77), M (SD) or % | t Test, chi-square | Male (n = 102)a, M (SD) or % | Female (n = 53), M (SD) or % | t Test, chi-square |
| Age | 33.3 (9.2) | 31.5 (10.4) | 1.31 | 31.1 (9.6) | 34.8 (9.7) | 5.1* |
| White | — | — | — | 44.1 | 66.0 | 6.7** |
| Education | ||||||
| <HS | 12.7 | 21.1 | 4.7 | 16.0 | 15.1 | 4.3 |
| HS or GED | 45.6 | 52.6 | 55.0 | 39.6 | ||
| >HS | 41.8 | 26.3 | 29.0 | 45.3 | ||
| Received mental health treatment (% yes) | 35.0 | 13.0 | 10.3*** | 21.6 | 28.3 | 0.9 |
| Received substance abuse treatment (% yes) | 71.2 | 40.3 | 15.3*** | 56.9 | 54.7 | 0.07 |
| Age at first-tried smoking | 15.1 (4.4) | 15.6 (4.0) | 0.49 | 15.0 (3.6) | 15.9 (5.1) | 1.3 |
| Age of daily smoking | 18.1 (4.7) | 18.8 (4.5) | 0.67 | 18.4 (4.1) | 18.4 (5.5) | 0.01 |
| Average cigarettes per day (CPD) | 17.3 (9.0) | 10.5 (8.0) | 21.1*** | 14.1 (9.8) | 13.8 (8.1) | 0.04 |
| Highest CPD | 24.3 (12.5) | 12.1 (10.2) | 37.0*** | 17.8 (13.0) | 19.8 (12.8) | 0.72 |
| Total years of smoking | 15.7 (8.9) | 13.6 (10.7) | 1.5 | 13.9 (10.0) | 16.0 (9.6) | 1.3 |
| Other tobacco products tried or regularly used | ||||||
| Cigars | 43.8 | 35.6 | 1.1 | 46.5 | 26.9 | 5.4* |
| Pipe | 15.0 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 16.2 | 0 | 9.4** |
| Hookah | 15.0 | 2.7 | 6.9** | 13.1 | 1.9 | 5.1* |
| Cigarillos | 22.5 | 21.9 | 0.1 | 30.3 | 7.7 | 10.0** |
| Smokeless tobacco | 25.0 | 4.1 | 13.0*** | 23.2 | 0 | 14.3*** |
| Number of previous quit attempts | 2.3 (4.2) | 2.1 (2.2) | 0.2 | 2.6 (4.0) | 1.6 (1.7) | 2.3 |
| Interested in receiving a intervention to quit smoking (% yes) | 60.9 | 56.5 | 0.6 | 56.4 | 63.0 | 3.6 |
| Thinking about quitting smoking | ||||||
| Within 30 days | 20.0 | 30.0 | 2.6 | 26.0 | 23.9 | 2.0 |
| Within 6 months | 33.8 | 36.7 | 31.2 | 43.5 | ||
| No, not considering quitting | 46.2 | 33.3 | 42.9 | 32.6 | ||
| Type of cessation intervention tried in past | ||||||
| Nicotine replacement | 33.3 | 11.1 | 7.7** | 15.2 | 32.2 | 5.2* |
| Behavioral therapy | 1.6 | 4.8 | 1.1 | 3.8 | 2.2 | 0.25 |
| Self-help materials | 10.9 | 27.0 | 5.3* | 20.3 | 17.4 | 0.15 |
| Medication | 18.8 | 1.6 | 10.2*** | 8.9 | 13.0 | 0.5 |
| Interventions you are most interested in to help you to quit smoking | ||||||
| Pharmacotherapy | 76.7 | 42.1 | 10.1** | 49.0 | 77.4 | 7.5* |
| Other therapy | 11.6 | 28.9 | 28.6 | 6.5 | ||
| Do not know | 11.6 | 28.9 | 22.4 | 16.1 | ||
Note. aTwo participants did not disclose their gender. HS = high school.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.