FIGURE 8.

ORM suppresses MAPK and NF-κB activation in macrophages and adipocytes. A, RAW264.7 macrophages or 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with a vehicle, ORM (250 μg/ml), or sodium salicylate (Sal) (5 mm) for 6 h and then stimulated by TNFα (10 ng/ml) for a further 10 min. The levels of the phosphorylated and total MAPK proteins were measured by Western blot analysis. The results are representatives of at least three independent experiments. Ctl, control; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. n = 3. B and C, ORM suppresses IKK activation in macrophages (B) and adipocytes (C). D, ORM suppresses nuclear accumulation of NF-κB (p65) in macrophages. RAW264.7 macrophages were pretreated with a vehicle (ORM (250 μg/ml)) for 6 h, and then stimulated by TNFα (10 ng/ml) for a further 15, 30, or 60 min. The nuclear extract was prepared from the cells, and the protein level of p65 NF-κB was measured by Western blot analysis. RXRα, retinoid X receptor α.