. 2010 Jun 9;3(6):1873–1886. doi: 10.3390/ph3061873

Table 2.

Cannabinoids and Viral Infections.

Viral pathogen	In vivo In vitro	Agonist / Antagonist	Titer change	Pathogenesis	Inflammation Immunoregu-lation	Comments	Ref.
HSV-2, L. monocyto-genes	In vivo	Δ9-THC		decreased resistance to LD₅₀		systemic infection	[29]
HSV-2	In vivo	Δ9-THC	increased shedding	increased severity of lesions & mortality	delayed onset of DTH response	vaginal model B6C3H F₁ mouse	[30]
HSV-2	In vivo	Δ9-THC			decreased Type I IFN response	i.v. infection	[31]
HSV-2	In vivo	Δ9-THC		decreased resistance to infection; increased severity of lesions		vaginal guinea pig model	[32]
HSV-1,-2	In vitro	Δ9-THC	failed to replicate			antiviral effect in human & monkey cells	[33]
HSV-2	In vitro	Δ9-THC	100-fold increase in released virus			Vero cells, increased CPE	[34]
HSV-2	both	Δ9-THC			decreased T cell proliferation	B6C3H F₁ mice immunized then T cells cultured	[35]
HSV	In vitro	Δ9-THC	decreased infectivity in TC			virus incubated with THC	[36]
HSV-1	both	Δ9-THC			decreased CD8 CTL activity	C3H mice immunized, L929 targets	[37]
EBV, KSHV, HVS, HSV-1, MHV-68	In vivo	Δ9-THC	Immediate early ORF promoter activity inhibited	reactivation from latency inhibited		latently infected B cells in tissue culture	[38]
KSHV	In vivo	Δ9-THC	increased viral load	increased efficiency of infection, activation of lytic switch	increased transformation of endothelial cells	primary human dermal microvascular cells	[39]
Cowpox	In vivo	Marijuana cigarettes		generalized infection	weak Ab production, no neutralizing Abs	Case report	[40]
TMEV	In vitro	Anandamide			decreased release of NO2- and TNF-α	NO is antiviral for TMEV	[41,42]
TMEV	In vitro	Anandamide			increased IL-6 production	astrocyte culture B6 and SJL mice	[43]
TMEV	In vivo	WIN-55,212		ameliorates progression of autoimmune disease TMEV-IDD	decreased DTH, decreased IL-1, IL-6, IFN-γ , TNF-α,	TMEV-IDD a mouse model of MS	[44]
TMEV	In vivo	OMDM1, OMDM2		ameliorated motor symptoms	decreased MHC II, inhibited NOS-2, reduced proinflammatory cytokines	TMEV-IDD proposed MS therapy with cannabinoids	[45]
TMEV	In vitro	JWH-133 SR144558		role of CB₂ receptors in anti-inflammatory actions	reduced IL-12p40, reduced ERK1/2 signaling		[46]
TMEV	In vitro	WIN-55,212		CB₂-dependent COX-2 induction increased vs. TMEV-alone	role of PI3 kinase pathway in CB₂ but MAPK for TMEV signaling	proposed role on blood-flow and immune activity	[47]
TMEV	In vivo	Palmitoyl-ethanol-amine		reduction in motor disability in TMEV-IDD	anti-inflammatory effect	TMEV-IDD	[48]
TMEV	both	WIN-55,212		inhibited ICAM & VCAM on endothelium; role for PPAR-γ receptors in mechanism	reduced inflammation	TMEV-IDD	[49]
Influenza	In vivo	Δ9-THC	HA mRNA increased	inflammation, metaplasia of mucous cell	decreased CD4, CD8, and macrophage recruitment		[50]
Influenza	In vivo	Δ9-THC	HA mRNA decreased in CB₁/CB₂KO mice	THC-mediated airway pathology +/- CB₁/CB₂	KO mice had increased CD4 and IFN-γ recruitment	CB₁/CB₂KO mice	[51]
VSV	In vitro	WIN-55,212	increased viral titers	CB₁-dependent; decreased NOS-1 activity	antagonized IFN-γ-mediated antiviral pathway	suggested disease progression likely in neurons/viral encephalitis	[52]
BDV	In vivo	WIN-55,212		protected BrdU-positive neural progenitor cells in striatum	suppressed microglial activation	suggested treatment of encephalitis with microglial inflammation and neuro-degeneration	[53]
HCV	In vivo	Marijuana cigarettes		progression of liver fibrosis		epidemiological study	[54]
HCV	In vivo	Oral cannabinoids		improved weight	no viral markers or immune markers studied	7 week clinical trial for anorexia and nausea	[55]
HCV	In vivo	Marijuana cigarettes		progression of liver fibrosis; increased disease severity		clinical pathological survey of 204 HCV patients	[56]
HIV-1	In vitro	Δ9-THC, CP-55,940, WIN-55,212		increased syn-cytia formation MT-2 cells (CB₁ & CB₂⁺)		speculate cannabinoids enhance HIV-1 infection	[57]
HIV-1	In vitro	anandamide		increased adherence for monocytes	uncoupled NO release, inhibited NO	human saphenous vein or internal thoracic artery; speculate higher titers in vivo	[58]
HIV-1 Tat	In vitro	WIN-55,212		reduced tat-induced cytotoxicity	inhibited NOS-2 activity	C6 rat glioma cell line	[59]
HIV-1	In vivo	Marijuana cigarettes		increased appetite	insufficient numbers of individuals	3 week trial	[60]
HIV-1	In vivo	Marijuana cigarettes	mRNA unchanged		CD4+ and CD8+ cells unchanged	3 week trial, placebo-controlled	[61]
HIV-1		WIN-55,212	inhibited expression			CD4 and microglial cultures	[62]
HIV-1	In vivo	THC	increased viral replica-tion 50-fold		decreased CD4 IFN-γ-producing cells, increased co-receptor expression	scid-Hu mouse model	[63]
HIV-1 Gp120	In vitro	2-AG, CP55940		inhibited Ca⁺²-flux-induced substance P, decreased permeability		model of BBB, co-culture of Human brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes	[64]
HIV-1	In vivo	WIN-55,212		dose-related hypothermia in mouse pre-optic anterior hypothalamus infusion	WIN-55,212 is antagonist for SDF-1a/ CXCL12/ CXCR4 [HIV-1 coReceptor] pathway	mouse model for HIV-thermoreg-ulation by direct injection of WIN-55,212 to brain POAH center	[65]
HIV-1 Tat	In vitro	CP55940, Δ9-THC		CB₂-dependent inhibition of U937 migration to Tat	possible anti-inflammatory mechanism	U937 cells in culture	[66]

Legend: BDV, Borna disease virus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; HCV, Hepatitis C virus; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus; HSV, Herpes simplex virus; HVS, Herpes virus samirii; KO, knock-out mice; KSHV, Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus; L. monocytogenes, Listeria monocytogenes; MHV-68, Murine herpes virus-68; TMEV, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus; VSV, Vesicular stomatitis virus.