Table 4.

Examples of displacement immunoassays.

Analyte	Detection method	Assay characteristics	Ref.
Cocaine, benzoylecgonine	Fluorescence		[149]
TNT, DNT	Fluorescence	LOD: 2.5 ng/ml; range: 20–1200 ng/ml	[148]
Cocaine, benzoylecgonine	Fluorescence		[150]
2,4-dinitrophenol	Radioactivity	LOD: 140 nM; linear range: 570–4600 nM	[147]
2,4-dinitrophenol	Fluorescence	Linear range: 290–2300 nM	[147]
Cortisol	Fluorescence	Dynamic range: 12.5–1250 pmol	[151]
Polychlorinated biphenyls	Fluorescence	LOD: 4 ppm; linear range: 4–20 µg/ml	[152]
Transferrin, HSA	Absorbance		[153]