Table 5.

Examples of sandwich immunoassays.

Analyte	Detection method	Assay characteristics	Ref.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone	Absorbance	Range: 0–0.29 nM	[154]
hCG	Fluorescence	Range: 0–66.6 ng/ml	[154]
HSA	Fluorescence	LOD: 0.001 mg/ml	[59]
PTH, interleukin-5	Fluorescence	LOD: 10 nM; linear range: <250 µM	[155]
IgG	Absorbance	LOD: 3 fmol; range: 3.33–130 fmol	[110]
IgG	Fluorescence	Linear range: 0.5–50 pmol/l	[156]
HSA	Electrochemical	Range: 1–10 mg/ml	[157]
Anti-IgG	Electrochemical	Range: 3–225 fmol	[158]
IgG	Electrochemical	Range: 5–400 ng/ml	[159]
IgG	Chemiluminescence	Range: 0.2–20 fmol	[160]
Parathyroid hormone	Chemiluminescence	LOD: 0.24 pM (16 amol); linear range: 0.24–67 pM	[161]