TABLE 6.
Proportion of participants at risk of deficiency (below the Estimated Average Requirement; EAR) at baseline and at 8 wk (n = 291)1
| Baseline |
8 wk |
|||||||||
| EAR | Atkins (n = 73) | Zone (n = 73) | LEARN (n = 73) | Ornish (n = 72) | Atkins (n = 73) | Zone (n = 73) | LEARN (n = 73) | Ornish (n = 72) | P value | |
| % | % | |||||||||
| Vitamins | ||||||||||
| Vitamin A | 500 μg | 26 | 38 | 29 | 31 | 18a,c | 15a | 34b,c | 42b | 0.0004 |
| Thiamine | 0.9 mg | 5 | 8 | 3 | 11 | 51a | 8b | 11b | 7b | <0.0001 |
| Riboflavin | 0.9 mg | 1 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 0.52 |
| Niacin | 11 mg | 3 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 4 | 17 | 0.03 |
| Vitamin B-6 | 1.1 mg | 14 | 18 | 12 | 18 | 21 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 0.11 |
| Folate | 320 μg | 10 | 25 | 11 | 14 | 55a | 11b | 16b | 15b | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B-12 | 2 μg | 7 | 19 | 7 | 19 | 4a | 10a | 10a | 38b | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin C | 60 mg | 32 | 27 | 34 | 32 | 52a | 5b | 30c | 21c | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin E | 12 μg | 88 | 80 | 66 | 81 | 81a | 55b | 90a | 94a | <0.0001 |
| Minerals | ||||||||||
| Iron | 8.1 mg | 3 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 32a | 11b | 10b | 8b | 0.0001 |
| Magnesium | 265 mg | 41 | 51 | 29 | 44 | 70a | 47b | 51a,b | 44b | 0.008 |
| Phosphorus | 580 mg | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 0.08 |
| Selenium | 45 μg | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0a | 0a | 1a,b | 11b | 0.0001 |
| Zinc | 6.8 mg | 16 | 21 | 11 | 18 | 7a | 12a,b | 23b | 49c | <0.0001 |
1
LEARN, Lifestyle, Exercise, Attitudes, Relationships, Nutrition. P values were derived from chi-square tests for comparison between groups at 8 wk. Differences between groups at baseline (preassignment to diets) were not tested. Pairwise comparisons (t tests) were performed only for those nutrients for which the chi-square test was significant at P < 0.05. Pairs of diet-group contrasts with different superscript letters are significantly different, P < 0.05. Bonferroni adjustments were made for multiple pairwise comparisons.