Table 1.

Summary of genes that are silenced by hypermethylation in CCA

Gene Name	Function	Incidence in CCA	Reference
14-3-3 sigma	Cell cycle regulator	59.5%	54
E-cadherin	Cell adhesion	43%	50, 54, 91, 102
EGFR	Growth Factor	ND	96
GSTP1	Inactivation of carcinogens	6–34%	54, 102
hMLH1	DNA mismatch repair	25%	102
MGMT	Methyl transferase	11–33%	54, 102
p14ARF	Cell cycle regulator	38%	102
p15INK4b	Cell cycle regulator	12–50%	50, 102
p16INK4a	Cell cycle regulator	14–50%	50, 54, 102
p73	Tumor suppressor	36%	102
RassF1A	Tumor suppressor	26–65%	50, 102
Semaphorin3B	Tumor suppressor	100%	90
SOCS-3	Inhibits inflammation	ND	46

CCA, cholangiocancinoma; ND, not determined.