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Method for estimating spontaneous beat-to-beat maximal ventricular elastance (Emax) variability from left ventricular pressure (LVP) and volume (LVV) measurements during transient vena cava occlusion (left) and a baseline period (right). V0 is the ventricular unstressed volume and is assumed to be constant (i.e., not modulated by control mechanisms), and LVE is the time-varying left ventricular elastance. t, Time.
