Table 1.

Effects on cold-evoked BAT thermogenic and cardiovascular parameters of nanoinjection of NMDA or of Bic into the VLM or PE iv

	Cold Evoked	NMDA in Rostral VLM	Cold Evoked	NMDA in Caudal VLM	Cold Evoked	PE iv	Cold Evoked	Bic in Rostral VLM
n	10	10	12	12	4	4	5	5
BAT SNA, %control	488 ± 69	92 ± 3†	834 ± 255	111 ± 11*	780 ± 193	913 ± 239	755 ± 229	92 ± 4*
BAT Temp, °C	34.1 ± 0.2	33.0 ± 0.2†	35.1 ± 0.3	34.2 ± 0.3†	34.2 ± 0.6	34.5 ± 0.5	34.1 ± 0.5	31.8 ± 0.3†
DBAT Temp, °C		−1.1 ± 0.1		−0.9 ± 0.2		+0.3 ± 0.1		−2.3 ± 0.3
Exp CO2, %	5.1 ± 0.2	4.6 ± 0.2†	5.2 ± 0.1	4.7 ± 0.1†	5.0 ± 0.4	5.2 ± 0.4	5.0 ± 0.4	4.3 ± 0.3†
ΔExp CO2, %		−0.5 ± 0.1		−0.5 ± 0.1		+0.2 ± 0.1		−0.7 ± 0.1
HR, beats/min	370 ± 13	358 ± 15	387 ± 15	330 ± 16†	417 ± 18	378 ± 13*	417 ± 19	347 ± 10*
ΔHR, beats/min		−12 ± 16		−57 ± 11		−39 ± 10		−70 ± 22
MAP, mmHg	118 ± 4	139 ± 4†	126 ± 6	106 ± 6†	129 ± 4	164 ± 6†	121 ± 7	166 ± 8†
ΔMAP, mmHg		+21 ± 4		−20 ± 4		+35 ± 4		+45 ± 3

Values are means ± SE; n, no. of rats. NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate; VLM, ventrolateral medulla; PE, phenylephrine; iv, intravenous; Bic, bicuculline; Δ, change; BAT, brown adipose tissue; SNA, sympathetic nerve activity; Temp, temperature; Exp, expired; HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure. Mean parameter values for “Cold Evoked” are the group means of the parameter values during the 32-s interval before the subsequent nanoinjection into VLM or administration of PE. Mean parameter values for “NMDA in VLM” or for “PE iv” are the group means of the parameter values during the 32-s maximum response within 5 min of the nanoinjection or iv injection (or within 10 min for BAT Temp only). Mean parameter values for “Bic in VLM” are the group means of the parameter values during the 32-s maximum response within 10 min of the nanoinjection (or within 15 min for BAT Temp only). Statistically different compared with the immediately preceding cold-evoked value:

^*P< 0.05,

^†P< 0.01 (paired t-test).