Table 2. Estimated effect of dietary factors on annual change in “waist circumference for a given body mass index (ΔWC_BMI, cm/y)”.

		Men			Women
	β1	(95% CI)	P	β1	(95% CI)	P
Total Energy (kcal)	−0.00	(−0.00 to 0.00)	0.40	0.00	(−0.00 to 0.00)	0.44
Energy Density (kcal/g) 2	0.09	(0.05 to 0.13)	<0.001	0.15	(0.09 to 0.21)*	<0.001
Carbohydrates (5% E) 3	−0.01	(−0.02 to 0.00)	0.26	−0.01	(−0.02 to −0.00)	0.05
Protein (5% E) 3	−0.02	(−0.06 to 0.03)	0.54	−0.03	(−0.06 to 0.01)	0.13
Fat (5% E) 3	0.01	(−0.00 to 0.02)	0.06	0.02	(−0.00 to 0.04)	0.08
Alcohol (5% E) 3	0.01	(−0.00 to 0.02)	0.25	0.02	(0.01 to 0.03)	0.003
Glycemic Index (10 unit) 4	0.07	(0.03 to 0.12)	0.002	0.06	(0.03 to 0.10)	0.001
Glycemic Load (50 units) 5	0.05	(−0.02 to 0.13)	0.187	0.09	(0.01 to 0.17)	0.030
Fibre (10 g) 6	−0.01	(−0.03 to 0.01)	0.24	−0.06	(−0.08 to −0.03)	<0.001

% E  =  Percentage of total energy intake provided by each nutrient.

¹The association between nutrient intake and ΔWC_BMI was modelled using centre-specific linear regression [adjusting for: age, baseline weight, baseline height, baseline WC_BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, education, follow-up duration, menopausal status (women only), and hormone replacement therapy use (women only)], and random-effect meta-analyses to evaluate heterogeneity (I ²) across study centres and to obtain pooled estimates of the associations.

*indicates that there is heterogeneity across study centres (P for heterogeneity <0.05).

²further adjusted for energy derived from drinks.

³further adjusted for total energy.

⁴further adjusted for fibre, carbohydrate, fat, and protein.

⁵further adjusted for fibre, fat, protein, and total energy.

⁶further adjusted for glycemic index, carbohydrate, fat, and protein.