TABLE 2.
Selected nutrients from four 24-h dietary recalls per person with comparison for proline betaine–predicted citrus and noncitrus consumers from International Collaborative Study of Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Blood Pressure UK and US participants (n = 1998)1
| Variable | Predicted noncitrus consumers (n = 1211) | Predicted citrus consumers (n = 787) | P |
| Energy (kJ/24 h) | 9214.8 | 9286.4 | 0.53 |
| Total SFA (% of energy) | 11.9 | 10.7 | <0.0001 |
| Total MUFA (% of energy) | 12.1 | 10.9 | <0.0001 |
| Total PUFA (% of energy) | 6.9 | 6.2 | <0.0001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/1000 kJ) | 31.5 | 28.1 | <0.0001 |
| Starch (% of energy) | 24.0 | 24.0 | 0.95 |
| Total sugars (% of energy) | 22.2 | 25.9 | <0.0001 |
| Fructose (% of energy) | 3.6 | 5.2 | <0.0001 |
| Glucose (% of energy) | 3.8 | 5.3 | <0.0001 |
| Fiber (g/1000 kJ) | 2.4 | 2.7 | <0.0001 |
| Vegetable protein (% of energy) | 5.4 | 5.8 | <0.0001 |
| Animal protein (% of energy) | 10.2 | 9.7 | 0.0003 |
| Urinary sodium (mmol/24 h) | 155.7 | 150.7 | 0.05 |
| Urinary potassium (mmol/24 h) | 59.2 | 69.2 | <0.0001 |
| Urinary sodium-potassium ratio (mmol:mmol) | 2.9 | 2.3 | <0.0001 |
| Calcium (mg/1000 kJ) | 95.5 | 99.9 | 0.003 |
| Magnesium (mg/1000 kJ) | 34.9 | 38.0 | <0.0001 |
| Phosphorus (mg/1000 kJ) | 148.8 | 151.9 | 0.02 |
| β-Carotene (μg/1000 kJ) | 315.8 | 427.8 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1000 kJ) | 7.7 | 17.4 | <0.0001 |
| Folic acid (μg/1000 kJ) | 31.2 | 36.9 | <0.0001 |
All values are means and were adjusted for age, sex, and country by least-squares means from all 4 visits. SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid. Predicted citrus consumers had urinary proline betaine integrals >39.4 in both 24-h collections; predicted noncitrus consumers had urinary proline betaine integrals ≤39.4 in both 24-h collections. Individuals with a urinary proline betaine integral >39.4 in one 24-h collection only (n = 645) were excluded.