TABLE 3.
Blood pressure, BMI, and educational status in proline betaine–predicted citrus consumers and noncitrus consumers from International Collaborative Study of Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Blood Pressure UK and US participants (n = 1998)1
| Variable | Predicted noncitrus consumers (n = 1211) | Predicted citrus consumers (n = 787) | P |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 6.7 | 27.6 ± 6.4 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 120.2 ± 15.8 | 118.5 ± 15.1 | 0.005 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 75.3 ± 10.8 | 75.5 ± 10.3 | 0.64 |
| Education (y) | 13.3 ± 3.4 | 14.5 ± 3.2 | <0.0001 |
1
All values are means ± SDs and were adjusted for age, sex, and country by least-squares means from all 4 visits. Predicted citrus consumers had urinary proline betaine integrals >39.4 in both 24-h collections. Predicted noncitrus consumers had urinary proline betaine integrals ≤39.4 in both 24-h collections. Individuals with a urinary proline betaine integral >39.4 in one 24-h collection only (n = 645) were excluded.