Table 1.

Methylation frequency of candidate genes in different studies of cholangiocarcinoma

				Paper
	Gene	Location	Function	Yang et al. (89)	Foja et al. (96)	Wong et al. (95)	Limpaiboon et al. (105)	Abraham et al. (104)	Lee et al. (44)	Tannapfel et al. (91)	Liu et al. (114)	Ahrendt et al. (50)	Koga et al. (115)	Tozawa et al. (93)	Hong et al. (94)	Tischoff et al. (97)	Klump et al. (92)	Isomoto et al. (120)
1	FHIT	3p14.2	Purine metabolism		42%
2	RASSF1A	3p21.3	Cell cycle arrest	65%	68%	69%								27%
3	hMLH1	3p21.3	DNA mismatch     repair	25%			44.6%	0%					46%	8.1%
4	14-3-3	1p36.11	Apoptosis						59.5%
5	MINT1		Unknown						40.5%
6	MINT2		Unknown						0%
7	MINT12		Unknown						50.6%
8	MINT25	22q11	Unknown						15.4%
9	MINT31		Unknown						1.3%
10	MINT32		Unknown						35.4%
11	APC	5q21	Cell division and     attachment	46%					26.6%
12	E-cadherin	16q22.1	Proliferation,     Invasion and     metastasis	43%					21.5%				41%	27%
13	INK4a p16	9p21	Cell proliferation     and oncogenesis	50%					17.7%	83%		25%	70%	24.3%	77%		53.5%
14	INK4b p15	9p21	Cell cycle arrest	50%
15	TIMP3	22q12.1	Apoptosis	9%					8.9%
16	p14ARF	9p21	Cell cycle arrest	38%						25%
17	p73	1p36.3	Cell cycle regulation	36%
18	MGMT	10q26	DNA mismatch     repair	33%									49%
19	GSTP	1q43	Drug/xenobiotic     metabolism	14%
20	RAR-b	3p24	Cell growth and     differentiation	14%
21	DAPK	9q34.1	Apoptosis	3%									32%	21.4%
22	TMS1/ASC	16p11.2	Apoptosis								36.1%
23	Cox-2	1q25.2	Prostaglandin metabolism						5.1%
24	RUNX3	1p36	Apoptosis											56.8%
25	CHFR	12q24.33	Apoptosis											16.2%
26	BLU	3p21.3	Unknown													20%
27	Sema-3b	3p21.3	Apoptosis													100%
28	SOCS-3	17q25.3	Cytokine signaling     suppression															88%
29	THBS1	15q15	Cell to cell     interactions						11.4%							11%