Table 4.
Adjusted hazard ratios for risk of moderate-severe CKD using the QResearch derivation cohort
|
Adjusted hazard ratio (95%CI) women |
Adjusted hazard ratio (95%CI) men |
|
| Ethnic group | ||
| White or ethnicity not recorded | ||
| Indian§ | 1.03 (.896 to 1.18) | 1.16 (1.01 to 1.34) |
| Pakistani§ | 1.55 (1.32 to 1.81) | 2.00 (1.70 to 2.35) |
| Bangladeshi§ | 1.50 (1.14 to 1.95) | 1.35 (1.03 to 1.78) |
| Other Asian§ | 1.16 (0.89 to 1.52) | 1.44 (1.09 to 1.90) |
| Black Caribbean§ | 0.48 (0.41 to 0.57) | 0.83 (0.69 to 0.99) |
| Black African§ | 0.56 (0.43 to 0.74) | 1.17 (0.90 to 1.54) |
| Chinese§ | 1.13 (0.77 to 1.65) | 1.36 (0.89 to 2.07) |
| Other ethnic group§ | 1.23 (1.07 to 1.40) | 1.33 (1.13 to 1.57) |
| Co-morbidity | ||
| Type 1 diabetes ± | 8.21 (6.74 to 9.99) | 12.3 (10.3 to 14.6) |
| Type 2 diabetes ± | 4.50 (4.14 to 4.89) | 6.07 (5.61 to 6.57) |
| Cardiovascular disease ± | 1.37 (1.32 to 1.42) | 1.40 (1.34 to 1.45) |
| Congestive cardiac failure ± | 2.27 (2.11 to 2.45) | 2.84 (2.66 to 3.03) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.35 (1.25 to 1.46) | 1.47 (1.37 to 1.57) |
| Treated hypertension ± | 2.49 (2.33 to 2.66) | 2.78 (2.59 to 2.99) |
| NSAID use ± | 1.30 (1.27 to 1.34) | 1.29 (1.25 to 1.33) |
| Family history of kidney disease ± | 2.13 (1.39 to 3.27) | 3.58 (2.19 to 5.84) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis ± | 1.62 (1.51 to 1.75) | 1.48 (1.30 to 1.67) |
| Systemic lupus erythematosis ± | 2.40 (1.92 to 3.00) | n/a* |
| History of kidney stones ± | 1.27 (1.11 to 1.46) | n/a* |
| Smoking status | ||
| Non smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Ex smoker ± | 1.19 (1.15 to 1.23) | 1.13 (1.09 to 1.17) |
| Light smoker ± | 1.30 (1.23 to 1.38) | 1.15 (1.08 to 1.22) |
| Moderate smoker ± | 1.27 (1.21 to 1.34) | 1.24 (1.16 to 1.32) |
| Heavy smoker ± | 1.43 (1.34 to 1.52) | 1.25 (1.16 to 1.34) |
| Townsend score (per 5 unit increase) | 1.16 (1.14 to 1.18) | 1.10 (1.08 to 1.19) |
± compared with patients without the condition/medication at baseline.
§ Compared with patients in the white/not recorded group
*n/a as not included in the final model
Models also included fractional polynomial terms for age, body mass index and systolic blood pressure. The fractional polynomial terms were as follows:
Both sexes: age terms were (age/10)3 and (age/10)3*ln(age/10)
Both sexes: bmi terms were (bmi/10)-2 and (bmi/10)-2*ln(bmi/10)
Women: sbp terms were (sbp/100)-2 and (sbp/100)-2*ln(sbp/100)
Men: sbp terms were (sbp/100)-2 and (sbp/100)-0.5
The model also included interactions between the age terms and type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and treated hypertension