Table 1.
Baseline data, annual unadjusted absolute changes, and adjusted difference in anthropometry, body composition, muscle strength, and vertical jump height in the intervention and control group.
| Baseline | Annual Changes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (n = 68) | Controls (n = 46) | P-value | Intervention (n = 68) | Controls (n = 46) | Adjusted difference (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Age (years) | 7.8 ± 0.5 | 7.9 ± 0.6 | .23 | — | — | — | |
| Anthropometry | |||||||
| Stature (cm) | 129.4 ± 6.3 | 129.5 ± 6.7 | .48 | 5.6 (5.4, 5.9) | 5.7 (5.5, 5.9) | −0.07 (−0.41, 0.27) | .70 |
| Body mass (kg) | 27.8 ± 4.7 | 26.8 ± 4.6 | .08 | 3.0 (2.7, 3.3) | 3.1 (2.8, 3.4) | −0.06 (−0.49, 0.37) | .79 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 16.5 ± 1.8 | 15.9 ± 1.7 | .05 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | −0.03 (−0.24, 0.19) | .81 |
| Total body fat (%) | 13.2 ± 6.8 | 12.6 ± 5.4 | .52 | 2.1 (1.5, 2.7) | 1.3 (0.8, 1.7) | 0.96 (0.15, 1.76) | .02 |
| Lean body mass (kg) | |||||||
| Total body | 21.70 ± 2.74 | 21.50 ± 2.90 | .24 | 2.28 (2.13, 2.43) | 2.13 (2.00, 2.25) | 0.15 (−0.06, 0.35) | .17 |
| Legs | 6.78 ± 1.15 | 6.68 ± 1.23 | .16 | 1.00 (0.93, 1.06) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 0.03 (−0.06, 0.13) | .46 |
| Arms | 1.80 ± 0.35 | 1.81 ± 0.38 | .65 | 0.30 (0.26, 0.34) | 0.19 (0.17, 0.22) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.16) | <.001 |
| Fat mass (kg) | |||||||
| Total body | 3.56 ± 2.59 | 3.31 ± 2.01 | .44 | 1.14 (0.88, 1.39) | 0.81 (0.59, 1.03) | 0.37 (0.01, 0.72) | .04 |
| Legs | 1.61 ± 0.96 | 1.46 ± 0.75 | .26 | 0.43 (0.33, 0.53) | 0.36 (0.27, 0.45) | 0.08 (−0.06, 0.23) | .26 |
| Arms | 0.30 ± 0.31 | 0.34 ± 0.31 | .61 | 0.14 (0.09, 0.18) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.04) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.18) | <.001 |
| Peak Torque—unadjusted (Nm) | |||||||
| PTEx60 | 43.0 ± 9.9 | 43.4 ± 10.7 | .56 | 10.2 (8.3, 12.1) | 9.8 (8.3, 11.2) | 0.74 (−1.79, 3.27) | .56 |
| PTFl60 | 21.4 ± 6.4 | 24.4 ± 6.7 | .04 | 8.6 (7.4, 9.9) | 7.0 (6.0, 8.1) | 1.66 (−0.15, 3.48) | .07 |
| PTEx180 | 35.1 ± 7.7 | 35.4 ± 7.7 | .47 | 8.7 (7.5, 9.9) | 7.0 (6.2, 7.9) | 1.77 (0.20, 3.35) | .03 |
| PTFl180 | 19.0 ± 4.9 | 22.6 ± 5.2 | <.001 | 9.7 (8.3, 11.1) | 5.0 (4.3, 5.8) | 4.87 (2.94, 6.80) | <.001 |
| Peak Torque—body mass-adjusted (Nm/kg) | |||||||
| PTEx60 | 1.54 ± 0.22 | 1.61 ± 0.27 | .26 | 0.17 (0.11, 0.23) | 0.14 (0.10, 0.18) | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.12) | .37 |
| PTFl60 | 0.77 ± 0.18 | 0.91 ± 0.20 | <.001 | 0.21 (0.17, 0.25) | 0.13 (0.09, 0.16) | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.10) | .14 |
| PTEx180 | 1.26 ± 0.17 | 1.32 ± 0.19 | .25 | 0.16 (0.12, 0.19) | 0.09 (0.07, 0.11) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.12) | .003 |
| PTFl180 | 0.69 ± 0.15 | 0.84 ± 0.11 | <.001 | 0.25 (0.20, 0.29) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.10) | 0.14 (0.08, 0.21) | <.001 |
| Physical performance | |||||||
| Vertical jump height (cm) | 24.2 ± 4.7 | 24.8 ± 4.3 | .90 | 2.1 (1.0, 3.2) | 1.3 (0.7, 1.9) | 0.56 (−0.86, 1.97) | .44 |
The baseline values are presented as unadjusted means ± SD and the annual changes as unadjusted means with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). All baseline comparisons are adjusted for age at baseline. The differences between the annual changes in the intervention and the control group are presented adjusted for differences in age at baseline and, if there was a significant group difference at baseline, the baseline values for that specific measurement (accounts for PTEX60, PTEX180, PTFl60 and PTFl180).