Table 1.
Prevalence of alcohol consumption before recognition of pregnancy by sociodemographic, clinical, and reproductive factors and substance use, among 610 women seeking antenatal at Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, June – August 2006.
| Sociodemographic characteristic | Drank alcohol regularly n (%) | Drank alcohol non-regularly n (%) | Never drank alcohol n (%) | p1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All women | 180 (29.5) | 26 (4.3) | 404 (66.2) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married or living as married | 140 (32.1) | 21 (4.8) | 275 (63.1) | 0.038 |
| Unmarried, separated, or widowed | 40 (23.1) | 5 (2.9) | 128 (74.0) | |
| Able to read and write Luganda or English | ||||
| Yes | 156 (29.3) | 22 (4.1) | 355 (66.6) | 0.845 |
| No | 22 (30.1) | 4 (5.5) | 47 (64.4) | |
| Highest level of education attended | ||||
| None | 10 (43.5) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (56.5) | 0.358 |
| Primary school | 91 (31.3) | 11 (3.8) | 189 (65.0) | |
| Secondary school | 75 (27.5) | 15 (5.5) | 183 (67.0) | |
| Degree or post-graduate | 4 (17.4) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (82.6) | |
| Has a job that generates income | ||||
| Yes | 69 (36.3) | 10 (5.3) | 111 (58.4) | 0.023 |
| No | 111 (26.4) | 16 (3.8) | 293 (69.8) | |
| Partner has a job that generates income | ||||
| Yes | 168 (29.4) | 22 (3.9) | 381 (66.7) | 0.185 |
| No | 8 (25.8) | 4 (12.9) | 19 (61.3) | |
| Does not know | 3 (42.9) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (57.1) | |
| Religion | ||||
| Catholicism | 80 (41.2) | 7 (3.6) | 107 (55.2) | <0.001 |
| Protestantism | 57 (31.7) | 11 (6.1) | 112 (62.2) | 0.212 |
| Islam2 | 22 (13.5) | 5 (3.1) | 136 (83.4) | <0.001 |
| Born-again Christianity2 | 17 (30.9) | 2 (3.6) | 36 (65.5) | 0.966 |
| Seventh Day Adventistism2 | 2 (12.5) | 1 (6.3) | 13 (81.3) | 0.256 |
| Other3 | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.170 |
| Clinical and reproductive factors | ||||
| HIV status | ||||
| Infected | 23 (42.6) | 5 (9.3) | 26 (48.2) | 0.006 |
| Uninfected | 157 (28.2) | 21 (3.8) | 378 (68.0) | |
| Previous pregnancies | ||||
| None | 51 (19.5) | 12 (4.6) | 198 (75.9) | <0.001 |
| One | 36 (37.9) | 3 (3.2) | 56 (59.0) | |
| Two to three | 56 (37.6) | 8 (5.4) | 85 (57.1) | |
| Four or more | 37 (35.6) | 3 (2.9) | 64 (61.5) | |
| Previous live births | ||||
| None | 60 (20.4) | 13 (4.4) | 221 (75.2) | <0.001 |
| One | 42 (40.4) | 3 (2.9) | 59 (56.7) | |
| Two to three | 52 (38.5) | 8 (5.9) | 75 (55.6) | |
| Four or more | 26 (34.2) | 2 (2.6) | 48 (63.2) | |
| Current pregnancy was planned | ||||
| Yes | 78 (29.7) | 11 (4.2) | 174 (66.2) | 0.995 |
| No | 102 (29.5) | 15 (4.3) | 229 (66.2) | |
| Substance use | ||||
| Ever smoked a cigarette | ||||
| Yes | 12 (63.2) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (36.8) | 0.009 |
| No | 168 (28.4) | 26 (4.4) | 397 (67.2) | |
| Currently smokes cigarettes | ||||
| Yes | 4 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (33.2) | 0.151 |
| No | 176 (29.1) | 26 (4.3) | 402 (66.6) | |
| Male partner drinks alcohol | ||||
| Yes | 90 (51.1) | 11 (6.3) | 75 (42.6) | <0.001 |
| No | 90 (20.7) | 15 (3.5) | 329 (75.8) | |
| Has friends who drink alcohol | ||||
| Yes | 133 (46.2) | 12 (4.2) | 143 (49.7) | <0.001 |
| No | 47 (14.6) | 14 (4.4) | 261 (81.1) | |
| Believes that alcohol consumed during pregnancy affects baby’s health | ||||
| Yes | 145 (26.9) | 23 (4.3) | 371 (68.8) | 0.001 |
| No | 35 (49.3) | 3 (4.2) | 33 (46.5) | |
1
Three-way comparisons between regular, non-regular, and never drinkers
2
Religions that prohibit alcohol consumption
3
Other religions reported were Jehovah Witness (N=1) and no religious affiliation (N=1), the former restricting alcohol consumption