Table 2.
Characteristics of Hip fracture case-control studies
| Study first author (location) year | Cases | Controls | Participant details | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean Age (SD) years 25(OH)D (SD) nmol/L PTH (SD) pmol/L |
Time sera collected (25(OH)D assay method) |
n | Mean Age (SD) years 25(OH)D (SD) nmol/L PTH (SD) pmol/L |
||
| Population based controls | ||||||
| Lund [34] | 67 | NR | On admission | 41 | NR | Cases: Consecutive patients |
| (Denmark) 1975 | 65.0 (45.0) NR |
(CPB) | 55.0 (32.5) NR |
Controls: Elderly participants without malabsorption, hepatic or renal disease | ||
| Baker [35] | 98 | 80.2 (7.3) | - | 76 | 79.4 (7.2) | Cases: Consecutive admissions of Caucasian females |
| (UK) 1979 | 34.5 (24.5) NR |
55.8 (33.8) NR |
Controls: Home-based age and sex matched selected from electoral register | |||
| Hoikka [36] | 55 | 76.0 | - | 22 | 71.0 | Cases: Patients admitted from Sept 1978- July 1979 |
| (Finland) 1982 | 26.6 (18.5) NR |
(HPLC) | 56.4 (28.2) NR |
Controls: Healthy age, sex and season matched | ||
| Morris [38] | 67 | 77.9 | - | 50 | 71.5 | Cases: Female hip fracture patients operated on by author |
| (Australia) 1984 | 39.2 (21.3) NR |
(CPB) | 67.6 (30.4) NR |
Controls: Home-based, ambulant elderly females | ||
| Lips [39] | 86 | 73.1 (11.5) | - | 74 | 75.6 (4.2) | Cases: Hip fracture patients |
| (Netherlands) 1987 | 20.4 (11.5) | (CPB after HPLC) | 32.9 (13.6) | Controls: Healthy, independent volunteers living in apartment house for elderly | ||
| 0.11 (0.05)* | 0.12 (0.05)* | |||||
| Lau [40] | 198 | NR | On day of admission | 368 | NR | Cases: Consecutive patients |
| (Hong Kong) 1989 | 45.5 (16.4) NR |
(CPB) | 73.8 (21.0) NR |
Controls: Sheltered housing residents | ||
| Pun [41] | 69 | 78.1 (10.2) | Within 12 h admission | 28 | 71.2 (6.4) | Cases: Female hip fracture patients |
| (Hong Kong) 1990 | 43.7 (22.4) NR |
(CPB) | 54.6 (13.1) NR |
Controls: Healthy female participants over 60 y | ||
| MacDonald [42] | 61 | 78.9 (10.7) | Within 24 h admission pre-surgery | 61 | 78.6 (6.0) | Cases: Unselected Chinese female patients admitted to orthopaedic ward |
| (Hong Kong) 1992 | 45.8 (22.0) | (CPB) | 72.5 (21.5) | Controls: Hostel for elderly, no fracture history | ||
| 4.59 (2.27) | 4.04 (2.24) | |||||
| Boonen [44] | 117 | 79.2 (8.9) | Within 18 h fracture pre-surgery | 117 | 77.7 (5.4) | Cases: Consecutive female patients |
| (Belgium) 1997 | 25.3 (22.0) | (CPB) | 53.8 (33.3) | Controls: Female, age matched, from general practices | ||
| 5.14 (4.66) | 1.70 (1.14) | |||||
| Community based controls | ||||||
| Von Knorring [37] | 58 | 77.0 (9.3) | Prior to surgery | 41 | 78.0 (8.4) | Cases: Patients admitted during 2 month periods in summer, winter and early spring |
| (Finland) 1982 | 32.4 (17.0) | (CPB) | 44.7 (22.5) | Controls: Age and sex matched non-orthopaedic outpatients or minor surgery patients | ||
| 0.45 (0.24)* | 0.35 (0.24)* | |||||
| Benhamou [43] | 57 | 83.9 (5.9) | Within 24 h admission | 68 | 82.5 (5.0) | Cases: Consecutively admitted patients |
| (France) 1995 | 30.9 (12.2) | (RIA) | 38.4 (14.7) | Controls: Patients in geriatric or rheumatology unit with no bone disease or fracture history | ||
| 6.34 (4.65) | 4.74 (2.21) | |||||
| Thiebaud [45] | 179 | 80.2 (9.6) | 5-18 post fracture | 180 | 79.9 (9.6) | Cases: Consecutive admissions of original hip fracture caused by fall from standing height or less |
| (France) 1997 | 23.5 (20.3) | (Radio-receptor) | 30.6 (25.4) | Controls: Age and sex matched emergency patients with no fracture history | ||
| 3.32 (2.77) | 4.62 (3.38) | |||||
| Di Monaco [46] | 444 | 79.7 (8.6) | During hosp mean 35 days post fracture | 444 | 75.5 (5.7) | Cases: Caucasian patients sustaining original hip fracture |
| (Italy) 2004 | 21.2 (19.5) | (immuno-enzymatic) | 24.4 (21.7) | Controls: Home-based elderly over 65 y referred for first osteodensiometry, no fracture history | ||
| 6.02 (4.56) | 5.28 (2.32) | |||||
| Nuti [47] | 74 | 77.4 (9.3) | Within 24 h fracture | 73 | 71.2 (6.1) | Cases: Self-sufficient, community-living female patients with adequate sunlight admitted between May-Dec 1999 |
| (Italy) 2004 | 83.5 (55.0) | (CPB) | 107.3 (60.0) | Controls: Metabolic disease unit outpatients with osteoporosis, no evident osteoporotic fractures admitted between Jul-Nov 1999. Otherwise as per cases | ||
| 4.02 (1.79) | 3.86 (1.43) | |||||
| Bakhtiyarova [48] | 63 | 68.8 (9.5) | Within 3 days admission | 97 | 70.2 (8.3) | Cases: Low trauma fracture patients |
| (Russia) 2006 | 22.4 (11.4) | (CPB) | 28.1 (10.1) | Controls: Patients of ophthalmology unit with no fracture | ||
| 3.7 (3.3) | 4.9 (2.8) | |||||
| Giusti [49] | 160 | 84.0 (6.3) | Within 24 h admission (RIA) | 160 | 82.0 (7.6) | Cases: Sampled patients admitted to Orthogeriatric unit between Nov 2004-Mar 2005 |
| (Italy) 2006 | 9.4 (11.6) | 9.2 (9.1) | Controls: Age, sex and place matched Acute Care unit patients admitted for non-bone reasons | |||
| 8.95 (7.79) | 9.16 (8.00) | |||||
| Sakuma [50] | 50 | 82.6 (8.7) | On admission | 53 | 77.2 (5.3) | Cases: Sado Island residents admitted to hospital from Jan-Dec 2004 |
| (Japan) 2006 | 44.5 (19.4) | (ELISA) | 64.5 (18.5) | Controls: Orthopaedic patients with no fracture admitted between Jul-Dec 2004 | ||
| 4.75 (2.34) | 3.31 (1.93) | |||||
CPB: competitive protein binding
HPLC: high profile liquid chromatography
RIA: radioimmunoassay
ELISA: enzyme linked immunoassay
NR: not reported
* non-standardised units