Table 4.
Reviews Of Smoking And Alzheimer’s Disease Reviews And Tobacco
| Author and Date |
Conclusion | Protective Effect |
Tobacco industry Affiliation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Graves, A.B., van Duijn, C.M., et al., 1991[10] | “A statistically significant inverse association between smoking and Alzheimer’s disease was observed at all levels of analysis, with a trend towards decreasing risk with increasing consumption.” | Yes | Graves was a co-PI with Friedland funded by PM[89, 90] |
| Smith, C.J. & Giacobini, E. 1992[12] | “…nicotine or nicotine-like compounds may be useful in the amelioration of the attention and memory deficits associated with AD.” | Yes | Smith was employed by RJR [116] and Giacobini funded by RJR[117, 118] |
| Van Duijn, C.M., et al., 1994[13] | “… the odds ratio associated with family history of dementia tended to be lower for those with a positive smoking history…” | Yes | Graves[89, 90] co-PI with Friedland, funded by PM and Fratiglioni[99] co-PI with Winblad, funded by Swedish Tobacco Co. |
| Lee, P.N., 1994[11] | “… the negative association is consistent with other data suggesting nicotine protects against AD.” | Yes | Lee was a long term statistical consultant for the tobacco industry.[117, 119, 120] |
| Fratiglioni, L. & Wang, H., 2000[9] | “…a negative association for AD is controversial…not a clear effect” | Ambiguous | No* |
| Turner, C. & Spilich, G.J., 1997[18] | “ Scientists acknowledging tobacco industry support reported typically that nicotine or smoking improved cognitive performance while researchers not reporting the financial support of the tobacco industry were more nearly split on their conclusions.” | Ambiguous | No |
| Almeida, O.P., et al., 2001[5] | “Case-control and cohort studies produce conflicting results as to the direction of the association between smoking and AD.” | Ambiguous | No |
| Anstey, K.A., et al., 2007[6] | “elderly smokers have increased risks of dementia and cognitive decline”. | No | No |
| Hernan, M.A., et al., 2008[7] | “…selection bias due to censoring by death may be the main explanation for the reversal of the relative rate with increasing age.” | No | No |
| Purnell, C., et al., 2008[8] | “…four separate studies reported on the effect of smoking on incident AD. Three studies…reported that current smoking increased the risk of incident AD…an additional article…recorded only smoking and found that it was not significant.” | No | No |
*
Fratiglioni and Wang were research associates with Winblad, funded by Swedish Tobacco Co. 15 years earlier,[99] which we considered long enough ago to consider no Tobacco Affliliation for this review.