TABLE 3. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Regression Coefficients and Standard Errors Predicting First-Year GPA among All Middle School Students.

	MODEL 1		MODEL 2
	b	SE	b	SE
Female	.20***	.03	.20***	.03
Race/ethnicity (reference = non-Latino white):
Asian American	.15	.09	.17*	.08
Latino(a)	−.15	.11	−.15	.11
African American	−.39***	.08	−.40***	.08
Other race/ethnicity	−.13	.07	−.13	.07
Parents’ level of education	.07***	.01	.07***	.01
Family structure (reference = both biological parents):
Parent-stepparent	−.09	.05	−.09	.05
Single mother	.02	.05	.02	.05
Other family structure	−.26**	.09	−.26**	.10
Other disruptions:
Recent move	.02	.06	.03	.06
Family structure change between waves	−.16*	.07	−.15*	.07
Middle school GPA	.62***	.03	.62***	.03
Social integration:
Teacher bonding	.07**	.02	.07**	.02
Popularity	.02***	.00	.02***	.00
Extracurricular participation	.08*	.04	.07*	.04
Pathway (reference = uniform):
Mixed	.19**	.06	.19**	.06
Divergent	.11	.06	.11	.06
High school characteristics:
School size	.01	.00	.00	.00
Urban location (reference = city):
Suburb	.20**	.08	.19**	.07
Town	.28***	.07	.28***	.07
Rural	.15	.10	.14	.09
Private school	.02	.10	.02	.11
Missing flag:
Missing popularity	−.09	.05	−.09	.05
Pathway × middle school GPA:
Mixed × middle school GPA			−.07	.06
Divergent × middle school GPA			−.15**	.05
Middle school GPA × social integration:
Middle school GPA × teacher bonding			.02	.03
Middle school GPA × popularity			.00	.00
Middle school GPA × extracurricular participation			.01	.05
Intercept	−.21	.16	−.22	.17
R 2	.49		.49

NOTE.—Reference categories, where relevant, are in parentheses.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.