TABLE 4. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Regression Coefficients and Standard Errors Predicting First-Year GPA, by Pathway Followed.
| UNIFORM |
MIXED |
DIVERGENT |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|||||||
| b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | |
| Female | .23*** | .04 | .22*** | .05 | .24*** | .05 | .24*** | .05 | .12* | .05 | .12* | .05 |
| Race/ethnicity (reference = non-Latino white): | ||||||||||||
| Asian American | .16 | .09 | .15 | .09 | −.12 | .15 | −.11 | .16 | .30* | .14 | .30* | .15 |
| Latino(a) | −.05 | .16 | −.05 | .16 | −.15 | .13 | −.16 | .13 | −.16 | .16 | −.15 | .16 |
| African American | −.42*** | .09 | −.42*** | .09 | −.39*** | .10 | −.39*** | .10 | −.39** | .13 | −.39** | .13 |
| Other race/ethnicity | −.13 | .13 | −.12 | .13 | −.24 | .15 | −.24 | .15 | −.02 | .08 | −.02 | .08 |
| Parents’ level of education | .04** | .01 | .04** | .01 | .03** | .01 | .03** | .01 | .12*** | .02 | .12*** | .02 |
| Family structure (reference = both biological parents): | ||||||||||||
| Parent-stepparent | −.12.08 | −.12 | .08 | −.13* | .06 | −.14* | .06 | −.04 | .09 | −.04 | .09 | |
| Single mother | −.03 | .06 | −.04 | .06 | .04 | .09 | .06 | .09 | .13 | .10 | .13 | .10 |
| Other family structure | −.37* | .15 | −.37* | .15 | −.12 | .14 | −.14 | .14 | −.27* | .14 | −.27 | .14 |
| Other disruptions: | ||||||||||||
| Recent move | −.03 | .09 | −.03 | .09 | .31** | .11 | .31 | .10 | −.10 | .08 | −.09 | .08 |
| Family structure change | −.26* | .13 | −.25* | .13 | −.09 | .08 | −.06 | .08 | −.09 | .10 | −.08 | .09 |
| Middle school GPA | .69*** | .04 | .69*** | .03 | .67*** | .05 | .65*** | .04 | .50*** | .05 | .50*** | .05 |
| Social integration: | ||||||||||||
| Teacher bonding | .06* | .03 | .07* | .03 | .09 | .05 | .09* | .04 | .06 | .04 | .06 | .04 |
| Popularity | .02** | .01 | .02** | .01 | .00 | .01 | .00 | .01 | .03* | .01 | .03* | .01 |
| Extracurricular participation | .09* | .04 | .09 | .05 | .04 | .05 | .06 | .05 | .08 | .07 | .07 | .07 |
| High school characteristics: | ||||||||||||
| School size | −.01 | .01 | −.01 | .01 | −.01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 |
| Urban location (reference = city): | ||||||||||||
| Suburb | .04 | .08 | .04 | .09 | .18* | .08 | .17* | .07 | .27* | .12 | .27* | .12 |
| Town | .16* | .07 | .17* | .07 | .40*** | .08 | .40*** | .08 | .10 | .14 | .09 | .14 |
| Rural | −.06 | .12 | −.06 | .12 | .37*** | .09 | .38*** | .08 | .24 | .14 | .23 | .13 |
| Private school | −.07 | .13 | −.06 | .13 | −.04 | .12 | −.06 | .13 | .14 | .15 | .14 | .15 |
| Missing flag: | ||||||||||||
| Missing popularity | −.06 | .08 | −.06 | .08 | .03 | .09 | .03 | .09 | −.19* | .09 | −.19* | .09 |
| Middle school GPA × social integration: | ||||||||||||
| Middle school GPA × teacher bonding | .04 | .05 | .05 | .06 | −.02 | .08 | ||||||
| Middle school GPA × popularity | .00 | .01 | .02** | .01 | .00 | .01 | ||||||
| Middle school GPA × extracurricular participation |
.06 | .06 | −.22*** | .06 | .08 | .08 | ||||||
| Intercept | −.06 | .18 | −.11 | .19 | −.02 | .26 | .00 | .24 | −.08 | .31 | −.08 | .31 |
| R 2 | .53 | .53 | .53 | .54 | .46 | .46 | ||||||
NOTE.—Reference categories, where relevant, are in parentheses.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.